Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPC- ENT > Passmed Cards > Flashcards

Passmed Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes of tinnitus?

A

Meniere’s disease- associated vertigo and s sense of fullness/pressure in one or both of the ears
Otosclerosis
Acoustic neurona
Hearing loss
Drugs Aspirin, aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, quinine
Vascular malformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What drugs can cause tinnitus?

A

Aspirin
Quinine
Amino-glycosides
Loop diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some drugs that cause gingival hyperplasia?

A

Phenytoin
Ciclosporin
Calcium channel blockers e.g. Nifedipine

Other causes if not on above medication include- acute myeloid leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

A

Increased doses of a drug are needed to have the same affect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is allergic rhinitis?

A

Inflammatory disorder of the nose where it becomes sensitised to allergens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

A 
Sneezing
Runny nose
Bilateral nasal obstruction
Clear nasal discharge
Nasal pruritus/itching
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the management for allergic rhinitis?

A

Avoid known allergens
1st- Oral/Nasal Anti-histamines
2nd- Intranasal Steroids
Oral corticosteroid course may be needed

Nasal decongestants e.g. Oxymetazoline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a side effect to nasal decongestants? Give an example

A

Nasal decongestants such as oxymetazoline is used for a prolonged period of time may lead to tachyphylaxis (increased dose required for same effecT) or rebound hypertrophy of nasal mucosa when use is stopped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When should antibiotics be prescribed for otitis media?

A

Symptoms lasting more than 4 days without improvement
Systemically unwell
Immunocompromised
High risk of secondary complications such as co-existing lung, heart, kidney disease
Children younger than 2 with bilateral otitis media
Otitis media with perforation and/or discharge in the canal
Any signs of mastoiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the first line treatment for otitis media?

A

5 day course of amoxicillin

If penicillin allergic use erythromycin or clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What process causes cholesteatomas to form?

A

Negative pressures in the middle ear (as with chronic otitis media, eustachian tube dysfunction) cause a retraction pocket. Squamous epithelium can collect to form cholesteatoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the symptoms of a cholesteatoma?

A 
Foul smelling discharge
Tinnitus
Hearing loss
Headache
Pain
Facial paralysis (if involvement of facial nerve)
Vertigo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What some serious complications of cholesteatoma?

A

Meningitis
Facial nerve paralysis
Erosion of ossicles leading to hearing loss
Cerebral abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a serious complication of mastoiditis?

A

Intra-cranial expansion-

Causing cerebral abscess, infection, meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can mastoiditis be a complication of?

A

Otitis media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is mastoiditis?

A

Inflammation of the mastoid air cells- leads to destruction of the mastoid bone and abscess formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some signs of mastoiditis?

A 
Fever
Mastoid tenderness
Swelling
Redness behind the pinna
Anteriorly displaced/protruding auricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the management for mastoiditis?

A

Refer to secondary care
Admit for IV ABx
Surgical- Mastoidectomy

19
Q

What are some ototoxic medications?

A

Gentamicin and other aminoglycosides
Furosemide
Aspirin
Some chemotherapy drugs

20
Q

What are the criteria for the CENTOR criteria?

A

Tonsillar exudate= 1 point
Temperature above 38 = 1 point
Absence of cough= 1 point
Tender cervical lymphadenopathy= 1 point

21
Q

For what score on the centor criteria should antibiotics be prescribed?

A

3 or 4

Offer an immediate antibiotic prescription.

22
Q

What should be done for scores of 0 1 or 2 on the Centor criteria?

A

No antibiotic prescription as this is unlikely to be due to a bacterial infection

Advise to seek further medical help if symptoms worsen at all.

23
Q

What antibiotic should be offered for an bacterial tonsillitis?

A

1st line- Phenoxymethylpenicillin or if penicillin allergic erythromycin or clarithromycin

24
Q

What should be advised for people with a centor score of 0,1 or 2?

A

Rest
Stay hydrated
Can use analgesic agents if required- e.g. paracetamol, ibuprofen

25
Q

Regardless of centor criteria, when should antibiotics be prescribed for a sore throat?

A

Marked systemic upset
Unilateral peritonsillitis (could develop into Quinsy)
History of rheumatic fever
Increased risk with infection- such as immunodeficient children

26
Q

What are some causes of otitis externa?

A

Infection- staph, pseudomonas, fungal
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Contact dermatitis

27
Q

What are some features of otitis externa?

A

Pain
Redness
Tragal tenderness
Itch

28
Q

What might be seen on otoscopy for otitis externa?

A

Red
Swollen
Erythematous ear canal

29
Q

What is the recommended first line treatment for otitis externa?

A

Topical ABx
May be combined with steroid

If tympanic membrane is perforated aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin should not be used due to the theoretical risk of ototoxicity

30
Q

What are some second line treatment options for the management of otitis externa?

A

Oral antibiotics e.g. flucloxacillin

Take a swab from inside the ear canal and send for MC and S

31
Q

What is a serious risk of otitis externa?

A

Malignant otitis external- there is extension into the temporal bone and base of the skull (osteomyelitis)- it is potentially life threatening

32
Q

What is the most common cause of malignant otitis externa?

A

Pseudomonas and Klebsiella

33
Q

What is the treatment for malignant otitis externa?

A

Surgical debridement
IV ABx
Immunoglobulins

34
Q

What is Ramsay Hunt Syndrome?

A

Herpes zoster oticus- VZV affecting the facial nerve.

Causes auricular pain, facial nerve palsy, vesicular rash around the ear, vertigo and tinnitus

35
Q

What is the treatment for Ramsay Hunt Syndrome?

A

Oral acyclovir and corticosteroids

36
Q

Who should be referred urgently to ENT for suspicion of laryngeal cancer?

A

Anyone aged 45 and over with persistent unexplained hoarseness or an unexplained lump in the neck

37
Q

What might cause airway obstruction after thyroid surgery?

A

Damage to the laryngeal nerve

Bleeding- causing a haematoma and leading to impaired venous return causing laryngeal oedema.

38
Q

What should be done for all unilateral nasal polyps?

A

Refer to ENT as could be tumorous

39
Q

What are some symptoms of nasal polyps?

A

Nasal obstruction
Rhinorrhoea
Sneezing
Poor sense of taste and smell

40
Q

What anti-biotic should be given for the management of otitis media

A

Amoxicillin 500mg TDS

Erythromycin in penicillin allergic

Note- Co-amoxiclav is 2nd line

41
Q

How long should a perforated ear-drum usually take to heal?

A

6-8 weeks

Patients should be advised that it is a skin like structure and therefore takes a similar amount of time as skin cuts to heal.

42
Q

When should antibiotics be prescribed for perforated tympanic membrane?

A

If the perforation was due to otitis media

43
Q

When should a mouth ulcer be considered for urgent referral?

A

Mouth ulcers persisting for more than 3 weeks.

Unexplained oral ulceration or mass persisting for greater than 3 weeks
Unexplained red, or red and white patches that are painful, swollen or bleeding
Unexplained one-sided pain in the head and neck area for greater than 4 weeks, which is associated with ear ache, but does not result in any abnormal findings on otoscopy
Unexplained recent neck lump, or a previously undiagnosed lump that has changed over a period of 3 to 6 weeks
Unexplained persistent sore or painful throat
Signs and symptoms in the oral cavity persisting for more than 6 weeks, that cannot be definitively diagnosed as a benign lesion

SPC- ENT (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions