cells

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

All organisms are composed of cells (and products of cells)
All cells come from preexisting cells
The cell is the basic organisational unit of living things

Question 2

what is an organelle?

Answer 2

a specialised structure in a cell.

Question 3

what are enzymes?

Answer 3

a protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up reactions.

Question 4

what is a biomolecule?

Answer 4

biological molecules, produced by cells that are used to build new organelles.

Question 5

what are the types of cells and a description of each?

Answer 5

Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea. Usually unicellular and are smaller and less complex than eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotes: plants, animals, fungi and protists. Contain MBO.

Question 6

what are common features cells? (4)

Answer 6

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes

Question 7

what are prokaryotic cells? where cab they be found? what are some features? DNA? hairs?

Answer 7

Unicellular
Simple
Can be found in extreme environments
Small
No MBO or distinct nucleus
Cytoplasm: scattered ribosomes
single, circular DNA chromosome called genophore contained in the irregular shaped nucleiod
Nucleoid does not have a membrane
DNA is connected to the plasma membrane at the origin
Have many small rings of double stranded DNA called plasmids
Have a cell wall
Many have a capsule that protects from damage and dehydration (around cell wall)
Flagella
Pilus: hair like projections that transfer DNA between organisms and help with movement.

Question 8

what are protists?

Answer 8

large group of single-celled organisms that cannot be classified as a plant, animal or fungus and have characteristics of all.

Question 9

what are eukaryotic cells? what are some features?

Answer 9

Have a plasma membrane
Have internal membranes that make organelles
Cell compartmentalisation

Question 10

what governs what organlles a eukaryotic cell has? are they the same in prokaryotes?

Answer 10

Presence depends on need of cell for their function

May have the same type of organelles as prokaryotes (flagella, ribosomes, cell wall) but they differ

Question 11

nucleus- structure, function, plant/animal

Answer 11

structure:
Double membrane
Contains DNA

function:
Contains genetic information used for synthesis of protein
Directs activities of cell

p/a:
both

Question 12

nucleolus: strucre, function, plant/animal

Answer 12

s:
Made of proteins and RNA

f:
Forms incomplete ribosomes

a/p:
both

Question 13

rough endoplasmic reticulum: structure, function, p/a

Answer 13

s:
Membrane bound
composed of a network of membraneous tubules and sacs (cisternae)
Ribosomes bind to membrane

f:
Synthesis and processes proteins often by adding carbohydrates to proteins made by ribosomes to from glycoproteins

a/p:
both

Question 14

ribosomes: s, f, a/p

Answer 14

s:
“Made of proteins and ribosomal RNA
Free or bound to RER”

f:
“Translates messenger RNA into proteins
RER bound synthesis proteins for export “

p/a:
both

Question 15

Golgi apparatus: s, f, p/a

Answer 15

s:
“Membrane bound
Stack of cistern that are disconnected “

f:
Processes and packages proteins into vesicles for export (except lysosomes which stay in the cell)

p/a:
both

Question 16

lysosome: s, f, p/a

Answer 16

s:
“Membrane bound
Vesicle containing digestive enzymes”

f:
Digest waste and foreign material

p/a:
animal

Question 17

smooth ER: s, f, p/a

Answer 17

s:
“Membrane bound
System of cisternae “

f:
Synthesis of lipids

p/a:
both

Question 18

mitochondrion: s, f, p/a

Answer 18

s:
“Double membrane (inner is highly folded)
Contains DNA”

f:
Releases energy from organic compounds

p/a:
both

Question 19

chloroplast: s, f, p/a

Answer 19

s:
“Double membrane
Contains thylakoid sacs (disk-shaped membrane sacs)
Has DNA”

f:
Uses light, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose

p/a:
plants

Question 20

centriole

Answer 20

s:
Uses light, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose

f:
Uses light, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose

p/a:
Sometimes on plants and always in animals

Question 21

cilia and flagella: s, f, p/a

Answer 21

s:
“External structures
Composed of microtubules “

f:
Involved in movement of the cell or things around the cell

p/a:
both

Question 22

vacuoles: s, f, p/a

Answer 22

s:
“Membrane bound
Vesicles “

f:
“Storage
Structure in plants “

p/a:
In plants and small or absent in animals

Question 23

plastids other than chloroplasts: s, f, p/a

Answer 23

s:
“Small
Double membrane
DNA”

f:
Synthesis and storage of diverse organic compounds

p/a:
plants

Question 24

peroxisomes: s, f, p/a

Answer 24

s:
“Small
Double membrane
DNA”

f:
involved in metabolic reactions involving oxidation of harmful materials

p/a:
both

Question 25

cell wall (not organelle): s, f, p/a

Answer 25

s:
“External structure that surrounds plasma membrane
Made of cellulose (murein in bacteria)”

f:
Structural support and protection

p/a:
plants

Question 26

cytoskeleton : s, f, p/a

Answer 26

s:
3D internal support and transport network that fills the cytoplasm of eukaryotes

f:
Internal support and transport and stability through microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

p/a:
plants