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PSYC 345A Final > Marijuana > Flashcards

Marijuana Flashcards

1
Q

What are the street names for cannabinoids?

A
  • marijuana, hashish, “pot”, weed, grass
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2
Q

What is hemp?

A
  • does not refer to drug

- refers to plant fibers used for material items

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3
Q

Where does marijuana come from? Where does hashish come from?

A
  • leafy greens

- plant resin

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4
Q

What are phytocannabinoids?

A
  • delta9-tetrahydrocannabinoid (delta9-THC)

- generic name: dronabinol (medical marijuana)

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5
Q

What is active in delta9-THC?

A
  • drug

- metabolites: cannabinol and cannabidiol

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6
Q

What is the problem with the activity of multiple substances?

A
  • analogues exert unique effects (11-hydroxy-delta9-THC formed in liver)
  • metabolites exert unique effects (potentiate or interact with THC compounds)
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7
Q

What complicates potency and distribution of phytocannabinoids?

A
  • highly lipid-soluble, however protein bound
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8
Q

Why were synthetic alternatives to cannabinoids made?

A
  • emerged from scientific research meant to study the effects on receptors
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9
Q

What are the synthetic alternatives of cannabinoids?

A
  • Non-classical (synthesized analgesics), hybrids (blend of extracts and synthesized)
  • aminoalkyllindoles (anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesia)
  • eicosanoid (synthesized endo; immune response, pain perception)
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10
Q

What properties do synthetic cannabinoids exhibit?

A
  • stimulant and hallucinogenic

- full agonist

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11
Q

What is the problem with synthetic cannabinoids?

A
  • contamination with other chemicals
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12
Q

What is the potency of cannabinoids? What is the problem with determining potency?

A
  • hashish “more potent” than marijuana
  • effects are dose-dependent
  • modern strains are more variable and have higher concentrations
  • skews interpretation and comparability of research
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13
Q

What are the dose dependent effects of cannabinoids?

A
  • buzz: light headed, tingling
  • high: euphoric, exhilarated
  • stoned: calm and relaxed
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14
Q

How are cannabinoids administered?

A
  • inhalation (1 min - 2/4 hr)

- ingestion (1 hr-4/6 hr)

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15
Q

What effects the intake of inhalation?

A
  • only 50% released in smoke
  • time in lungs
  • usually 20% absorbed
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16
Q

What is a contact high?

A
  • second-hand inhalation can result in psychoactive levels

- little evidence!

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17
Q

What effects the intake of ingestion?

A
  • first-pass metabolism deactivates 50%

- metabolites psychoactive but to lesser extent

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18
Q

Which method of intake requires more drug?

A
  • ingestion requires 3x more than inhalation
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19
Q

What is the problem with the method of ingestion?

A
  • lack of immediate effects makes users eat more
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20
Q

Why do cannabinoids stay in the body for long periods of time?

A
  • highly lipid soluble
21
Q

What are the cellular actions of cannabinoids?

A
  • partial agonism

- endocannabinoid system

22
Q

What neurotransmitters are affected by cannabinoids? What kind of receptors?

A
  • anadamide, 2AG

- metabotropic receptors

23
Q

What areas of the brain are affected by cannabinoids (CB1)?

A
  • basal ganglia, substantia nigra, cerebellum (motor inhibition)
  • nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus (mood elevation, psychosis)
  • hippocampus (memory)
  • cerebral cortex (cognition, pain relief)
  • thalamus , spinal cord (pain relief)
  • hypothalamus (appetite)
24
Q

What causes the stimulating effect of cannabinoids?

A
  • increased dopamine in nucleus accumbens
25
Q

What is a retrograde neurotransmitter molecule?

A
  • modulates release of neurotransmitter reducing firing rate
26
Q

What areas of the brain are affected by cannabinoids (C2)?

A
  • manufactured in hippocampus, immuno-facilitative

- glial cells

27
Q

What are the behavioural effects on motor coordination and reaction time for delta9-THC?

A
  • low dosage: increase in motor activity decrease coordination
  • high dosage: decrease motor activity increase in reaction time
28
Q

What is “amotivational syndrome”?

A
  • persistent lack of motivation to engage in productive activities
  • cannabis made effortful tasks seem less effortful
  • motivated for reward
  • overall, no evidence of amotivational syndrome
29
Q

What are the cognitive effects of short-term memory impairment on delta9-THC?

A
  • word recall
  • low dosage: memory deficits with no attention impairment
  • high dosage: memory, reasoning, and attention impairment
  • diminished LTP in hippocampus
30
Q

What is developmental persistance?

A
  • permanent decline for every “5 marijuana years worth” of exposure
31
Q

What are the cognitive effects of decelerated time for delta9-THC?

A
  • perception of time is slowed down

- associated with the “stoned” phase

32
Q

What area of the brain causes decelerated time effects?

A
  • reduction in blood flow to cerebellum
33
Q

What is temporal disintegration in decelerated time?

A
  • alteration in perceptions associated with time (sequence, tempo)
34
Q

What are “flight of ideas” in decelerated time?

A
  • spontaneous, seemingly random ideas

- subjectively reported as racing thoughts

35
Q

What are the cognitive effects on executive functions for delta9-THC?

A
  • impairment while abstinent for chronic users

- persistent outcome

36
Q

What is the “gateway” or “stepping-stone” theory?

A
  • marijuana use will lead to illicit drug use

- support for process but not outcome (not all users go to next step)

37
Q

What are “correlated vulnerabilities”?

A
  • drug use is accounted for by the user’s characteristics

- users will use anything

38
Q

What are the long-term effects of cannabinoids?

A
  • verbal fluency and divided attention
39
Q

Are there differences between different levels of users?

A
  • no difference

- intellectual impairment reversed with abstinence

40
Q

What correlates with cannabinoid use?

A
  • age of onset (less than 17)
  • heavy users reveal severe verbal IQ deficits
  • 40% higher chance for schizophrenia, GAD, depression
  • changes in dopaminergic pathway
41
Q

Do cannabinoids result in tolerance?

A
  • free access to joints for weeks 1-4
  • participants complained joints were becoming weak
  • demonstrated suspiciousness, paranoid, agitated, apathetic, withdrawn and depressed
  • implies downregulation of receptors
42
Q

Do cannabinoids result in withdrawal?

A
  • no access to joints after week 5-7
  • week 5: irritability, uncooperativeness, resistance, and hostility, appetite suppression, insomnia
  • week 6: symptoms dissipate
43
Q

How does the DSM-V describe cannabis dependence?

A
  • general criteria of substance dependence
44
Q

How does the DSM-V describe cannabis withdrawal syndrome?

A
  • 3 of following

- irritability, anger, anxiety, depressed mood, difficulty sleeping…

45
Q

What is cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?

A
  • nausea, vomiting and colicky abdominal pain as a result of weekly cannabis use following a history of cannabis use for years
46
Q

What evidence supports cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?

A
  • compulsive hot baths (for symptom release)

- colicky abdominal pain (toxicity)

47
Q

Do cannabinoids display toxicity?

A
  • delta9-THC low toxicity

- dronabinol: lethary, decreased motor coordination, slurred speech and postural hypotension

48
Q

What do drug discrimination studies find?

A
  • able to discriminate from placebo, benzodiazepine, opioid, stimulant
49
Q

What is evidence for subjective effects?

A
  • dose-dependent effects
  • learned responses
  • different cannabinoids result in different effects

PSYC 345A Final (7 decks)

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