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Human Development > The development and sexual differentiation of the reproductive system > Flashcards

The development and sexual differentiation of the reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 parts to sexual development

A
  1. Genetic sex
  2. Gonadal development
  3. Development of the sex specific internal ducts and extemal genitalia
  4. Secondary sexual characteristics
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2
Q

describe the 4 parts to sexual development

A
  1. Genetic sex
    - Chromosomal composition (determined at fertilization)
    - XX or XY
  2. Gonadal development
    - Development of testes or ovaries (defined during embryonic development)- even though you have a Y chromosome things don’t always develop the way that they should
  3. Development of the sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
    - Hormone dependent (defined during fetal development)
  4. Secondary sexual characteristics
    - Defined at puberty
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3
Q

when do male or female characteristics start to show

A
  • No male or female characteristics until week 6-7
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4
Q

what is close to the posterior wall

A

Close to the posterior wall there is the gonadal ridge where testes or ovaries form, they are close to where the kidneys are forming

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5
Q

where do the primordial germ cells come from

A

Primordial germ cells which come from the yolk sac and them migrate in up through the GI system and through the perionteum and into the gonadal ridges

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6
Q

what is the cloaca

A
  • this is unseparated bladder and the bottom end of the GI system,
  • this is where the GI system exits and where the bladder will be formed from,
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7
Q

what produces urine during foetal development

A

The mesonephros is the embryonic kidney this is producing urine during foetal development and is producing amniotic fluid

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8
Q

what are the ducts that are present in male and female foetus

A
  • male duct - wollfain duct
  • women - mullerian duct
  • women get rid of the wolfing duct
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9
Q

what does the wolffian duct become

A

vas deferens, epididymis and seminal vesicles

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10
Q

what does the mullerian duct become

A

the uterus, fallopian tubes, cervis and upper 1/3 of vagina

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11
Q

what are the three types of cells in the ridge

A
  1. Primordial germ cells
  2. Mesothelial cells
  3. Mesenchymal cells
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12
Q

what do the 3 types of cells in the ridge form

A
  1. Primordial germ cells – PGCs start to migrate to gential ridges in week 4 they form the future gametes
  2. Mesothelial cells – these form the seminiferous tubules and ovarian follciles
  3. Mesenchymal cells – these form supporting cells and connective tissue
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13
Q

what determines male sex

A

SRY gene

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14
Q

how does the SRY gene determine male sex

A
  • Determines that you produce Leydig and Sertoli cells
  • From Leydig cells you produce testosterone and DHT
  • From Sertoli cells you produce MIF which si Mullerian inhibitory factor – it inhibits the mullerain duct it causes the Mullerian duct to shrink and disappear because we don’t need it but you keep the Wolffian
  • The DHT helps with the development of the prostate penis and scrotum
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15
Q

what is 46 XY DSD

A
  • Testosterone not formed so prostate does not form properly
  • Patient presents as female with female external genitalia
  • Primary amenorrhea
  • No genital ducts/associated structures
  • Undescended testes as genetically male XY
  • Might stil have the antimalllurian factor so you end up with no uterus, fallopian tubes cervix and upper 1/3 vagina
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16
Q

what does the mullarian duct in females do

A
  • it fuses in the midline to form the uterus
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17
Q

what is important in the descending of the ovaries and testes

A
  • the gubernaculum
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18
Q

what separates the mullarian duct from the upper surface of the vagina

A

heimen

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19
Q

what uterus defects can you end up with

A
  • Where it doesn’t fuse or with a double vagina
  • Can end up with a single vagina with two uteruses
  • Can end up with just one uterus because the other one doesn’t fuse properly
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20
Q

how can a double uterus or a unicorunulate uterus result

A

– Incomplete fusion of Mullerian ducts inferiorly
– Incomplete development of ducts
– Failure of one of the ducts

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21
Q

what parts of genital do foetus have at

  • 8 weeks
  • 9 weeks
  • 12 weeks
A 
–	Genital tubercle
–	Urogenital fold
–	Labioscrotal fold / swelling
•	9 weeks sexual differentiation
•	Distinctly male / female by end of week 12
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22
Q

how do the male gonads change position during development

A
  • 4cm long
  • 2mm above the inguinal ligament
  • Starts at deep inguinal ring
  • Emerges at superficial inguinal ring
  • and then pulled into the testes
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23
Q

how are the testes pulled from the inguinal canal

A
  • they are attached to the gubernaculum - this contracts
  • pulls the testes through the inguinal canal
  • it also brings the parietal peritoneum with it, it moves the testes into the scrotum
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24
Q

what forms the tunic vaginalis

A
  • perionteal seals of and forms the tunica vaginalis
25
Q

what does the tunica vaginalis do

A

– protects them and gives them cushioning
- It brings with it external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, transverses abdomins, transversalis fascia, internal oblique, external oblique and internal spermatic fascia

26
Q

what are two abnormalities of testicular descent

A
  • cryptorchidism
  • ectopic testes
  • congenital indirect inguinal hernia
27
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

– Uni or bi-lateral
– If testes remain within abdomen – sterility
– Normally in inguinal canal and often descend spontaneously
– Deficiency of androgen production could be a reason for it

28
Q

what could be a reason for cryptorchidism

A

– Deficiency of androgen production could be a reason for it

29
Q

what causes an ectopic testes

A
  • interstitial ectopic occurs most frequently
    – Occurs when the gubernaculum passes to an abnormal location this happens when it is not attached properly and it it can end up in the anterior thigh
30
Q

what causes a congenital inguinal hernia

A
  • If the communication between the tunica vaginalis and the peritoneal cavity fails to close, a persistent processus vaginalis exists. A loop of intestine may herniate through
  • Herniation passes through the deep inguinal ring and passes through the inguinal canal
31
Q

describe the vas deferns

A

• End of ductus deferens expanded in ampulla
• Ductus deferens joins duct of seminal vesicle to form
– Common ejaculatory duct

32
Q

where do the vas deferent travel

A

• Within spermatic cord, ductus deferens passes through inguinal canal, then inferiorly/medially

33
Q

where does the ejaculatory duct go

A

• Ejaculatory duct penetrates through prostate to connect with urethra at seminal colliculus

34
Q

describe the structure of the seminal vesicles

A
  • Coiled, sacculated between bladder and rectum

* Separated from rectum behind by rectovesical fascia, and rectovesical pouch

35
Q

why is the male not sterile for another 3-6 months after a vasectomy

A

• - patient not sterile for 3-6 months because of sperm in the vesicles stops ability of the sperm to get form the testes to back round

36
Q

describe the common ejaculatory ducts

A

– 2cm long

– Traverses the prostate to open in the prostatic urethra

37
Q

describe the structure of the prostate

A

– Lies below bladder on pelvic floor
– 1 Median and 2 lateral lobes
– Traversed by urethra and ejaculatory duct

38
Q

what is prostatic hypertrophy

A

– Enlarges esp. median lode – disturbs vesicular sphincter action and rendering micturition difficult. Transurethral resection of the Prostate (TURP) permits the coring out of the median lobe

39
Q

where is cancer in the prostate gland

A

– Cancer of the prostate commonly affects the lateral lobes and may be felt as a hard irregular mass on rectal examination

40
Q

where do the ovaries relocate

A
  • superior lumbar region to the lateral wall of the pelvis

-

41
Q

what does the processes vaginalis of the peritoneum do

A
  • Processus vaginalis of the peritoneum traverses the transversalis fascia at the site of the deep inguinal ring
  • forming the inguinal canal (as in the male) and protrudes into the developing labium majus
42
Q

what does the female gubernaculum come postnatally

A
  • Becomes the Ovarian ligament

* And the Round ligament of uterus

43
Q

where does the round ligament pass

A

• Round ligament passes through the inguinal canal and attaches to labium majus

44
Q

what does the ovarian ligament originate from and what does it do

A

• Ovarian ligament (cranial gubernaculum)

– Ovary to uterus

45
Q

what does the round ligament of the uterus originate from and go

A

• Round ligament of uterus (caudal gubernaculum)

– Uterus down via the inguinal canal to the labium majorum via inguinal canal

46
Q

what does the peritoneum do

A
  • Lies like a sheet over the pelvic viscera
47
Q

what does the pouchh of dogluas do

A

accumulation of blood or pus

48
Q

what are the two peritoneal pouch

A
  • Vesciounterine pouch

- Pouch of douglas

49
Q

what does the suspensory ligament of the ovary have in it

A
  • The suspensory ligametns of the ovary also bring the gonadal artery and vein into the ovary
50
Q

what supports the uterus

A

• Levator ani muscles and the perineal body
• Sacrocervical ligaments
– Fibro musc bands cervix to sacrum
• Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments
– Fibromusc from lat. Pelvic walls to cervix and upper vagina
• Pubocervical Ligaments
– 2 firm bands CT from pubis to cervix (either side of bladder)

51
Q

describe the structure of the vagina

A

• Thin muscular tube extending backwards from the vulva to the uterus
• Upper half above pelvic floor, lower perineum
• Upper end of vagina pierced by cervix
– The lumen surrounding cervix divided into fornices
• Anterior,
• Posterior
• 2 lateral

52
Q

what is the lumen surrounding the cervix divided into

A

– The lumen surrounding cervix divided into fornices
• Anterior,
• Posterior
• 2 lateral

53
Q

where are the things that support the vagina

A
  • Ant – bladder/urethra
  • Post – pouch of douglas, ampulla of rectum, perineal body
  • Lat – ureters,levator ani, urogenital diaphragm and bulb of vestibule
  • Upper –the transverse cervical, pubocervical and sacrocervical ligaments
  • Middle- the levator ani and the urogenital diaphragm
  • Lower – perineal body
54
Q

where do gondal blood supply orignate form

A

• Gonadal vessels originate from abdominal aorta or renal vessels

55
Q

what are the two arteries that make up the gonadal arteries

A
  • testiuclar

- ovarian

56
Q

describe where the testicualr artery goes

A

retroperitoneally around pelvic rim to deep inguinal ring

57
Q

describe where the ovarian artery is

A

found in suspensory ligament of ovary

58
Q

what are the relations of the bladder

A

– Inferolaterally – fat filled retropubic space, levator ani muscle and obturator internus
– female ♀ superior and posterior surface– uterus, inferiorly – urogenital diaphragm.
– male - ♂ superior surface – rectum, posteriorly - seminal vesicles and ducta deferentia, inferiorly - prostate

59
Q

describe where the ureters travel

A
  • Pass over the pelvic brim at bifurcation of common iliac arteries in front of the sacroiliac joint
  • Run on lateral walls of pelvis
  • Opposite ischial spine, curve anteromedially
  • Oblique entrance into bladder – one way flap valve

Human Development (28 decks)

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