Establishing and Designing networks of protected areas (class 20)

Question 1

The SGaan Kinghlas-Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area

Answer 1

• offshore submarine volcanoes
• very biologically rich
• recognized as a protected place by the Haida Nation
• memorendum of understand between the department of fisheries and oceans and the council of the Haida Nation was developed and demonstrates the shared goal of conservation.

Question 2

Checleset Bay Ecological Reserve

Answer 2

Successful relocation of sea otters from Alaska to Checleset Bay on Vancouver Island.
Successful relocation lead to development of reserve for scientific research and conservation.

Question 3

What is an example of the effectiveness of protected areas?

Answer 3

The vegetation levels in parks is much high within protected parks than outside of protected parks. Especially in tropical countries.

Question 4

Most common mechanisms for creating new protected areas?

Answer 4

• Government action
• Land purchases and easements by private individuals and conservation organizations
• Actions of indigenous peoples and traditional societies

Question 5

What are the 3 ways to identify areas in need of protecting?

Answer 5

1) Species approach
2) Hotspot approach
3) Ecosystem approach

Question 6

What is species approach?

Answer 6

Reserves established to protect particular (focal) species, and in doing so protect entire ecosystems and communities.

Question 7

What are Focal Species?

Answer 7

Indicator species, flagship species or umbrella species.

Question 8

What is hotspot approach?

Answer 8

Protect areas with high levels of species richness rather than single species or target groups. High levels of endemism may also be taken into account.

Question 9

Examples of hotspot approach?

Answer 9

IUCN Plant conservation office identifying and documenting 250 centres of plant diversity with larger concentrations of species.
Birdlife international.

Question 10

What is ecosystem approach?

Answer 10

• Ecosystems and communities, rather than species, are targeted for conservation.
• Often aims to ensure that representative sites of as many types of ecosystems as possible are protected.

Question 11

What is a representative site?

Answer 11

Includes the species and environmental conditions characteristic of the ecosystem.

Question 12

Which ecosystem approach is the easiest to argue?

Answer 12

Ecosystem approach

Question 13

What are some local endangered species?

Answer 13

• Garry Oaks
• Vancouver island Marmot
• Marbled murrelet

Question 14

What are Gap Species?

Answer 14

Species not protected in any part of their range

Question 15

What systems allow us to identify areas in need of protection and conservation planning?

Answer 15

Geographic information systems and conservation planning software

Question 16

What does haphazard park design lead to?

Answer 16

Suboptimal design of protected area networks with little consideration for are convenient for people, rather than in actual need of conservation.

Question 17

What are the 4 R’s of optimizing biodiversity through park design?

Answer 17

1. Representation-
2. Resiliency
3. Redundancy
4. Reality

Question 18

What does representation entail?

Answer 18

Protected areas should contain as many features of biodiversity as possible

Question 19

What does resiliency entail?

Answer 19

Protected areas must be sufficiently large to maintains all aspects of biodiversity in a healthy condition for the foreseeable future, including climate change

Question 20

What does redundancy entail?

Answer 20

Protected areas must include enough examples of
each aspect of biodiversity to ensure its long-term existence in the
face of future uncertainties

Question 21

What does reality entail?

Answer 21

Must be sufficient funds and political will, not only to
acquire and protect lands, but also to regulate and manage the
protected areas.

Question 22

What are some key questions in reserve design?

Answer 22

How large does a reserve need to be?
SLOSS
How many individuals must be included?
What is the best shape?
Isolated or connected?
Best value?

Question 23

SLOSS

Answer 23

Single Large Or Several Small

Question 24

SLOSS - what are the benefits of large reserves?

Answer 24

• more likely to maintain sufficient numbers of large, wide ranging and low density species for a long term.
• minimize the ratio of edge to total habitat
• encompass more species
• can have greater habitat diversity

Question 25

SLOSS- what are the benefits of small reserves?

Answer 25

• Several small parks may be more effective at preserving additional species, especially if it captures different ecosystem features.
• Well place small reserves can have more variety in ecosystem and more rare species
• Reduces the possibility that a single catastrophic force will destroy an entire population

Question 26

What do strategies for reserve design depend on?

Answer 26

Species targeted, ecological and practical management concerns.