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Neurophysiology Loyola > Motor Control and Motor Unit > Flashcards

Motor Control and Motor Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Upper limit for twitch tension is low

A

Slow twitch

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2
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Current threshold for activation is high

A

FF MU

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3
Q

Which type of movement occurs without any neural input?

A

Passive movement

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4
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Energy source is aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis

A

Oxidative glycolytic fast twitch

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5
Q

What is a fasciculation?

A

Visible twitches that result from the activation of an entire motor unit

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6
Q

True or False: Stereotyped movement does NOT depend on central pattern generators

A

FALSE.

Stereotyped movement depends on central pattern generators.

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7
Q

Define motor pool

A

alpha-motor neurons that innervate a single muscle

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8
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Low upper limit for tetanic tension

A

S MU

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9
Q

What is the maximal duration of continuous activation of glycolytic fast twitch fibers

A

5 minutes or less

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10
Q

What is the maximal duration of continuous activation of FF motor units?

A

5 mins or less

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11
Q

How many motor neurons control a typical muscle?

A

100

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12
Q

Which muscle fiber makes up a motor unit that can be described as “fatigue-resistant”

A

Oxidative glycolytic fast twitch

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13
Q

What is the smallest division of movement?

A

Motor unit

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14
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Input resistance is low

A

FF MU

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15
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Maintains force for short periods of time

A

Fast twitch

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16
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Less vascularized

A

Fast twitch

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17
Q

In the absence of neural input,

A) None of the fibers in the motor unit contract
B) Some of the fibers in the motor unit contract
C) All of the fibers in the motor unit contract

A

A) None of the fibers in the unit contract

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18
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Intermediate upper limit for tetanic tension

A

FR MU

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19
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

pale in color

A

Fast twitch

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20
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Maximal duration of continuous activation is hours

A

S MU

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21
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Speed of contraction is intermediate

A

Oxidative glycolytic fast twitch

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22
Q

Gazing at a painting or gasping at a story told by a friend are both examples of what?

A

Self-generated actions

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23
Q

Which has more fast twitch fibers proportionally, the soleus or the orbicularis oculi?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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24
Q

Small, slow units are active during smooth control/poor control

A

Smooth control

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25
Q

What is a self-generated action?

A

Occurs in response to a stimulus, removed from a sensory input

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26
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Current threshold for activation is low

A

S MU

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27
Q

Complete dysfunction in MN, NMJ, or muscle - muscles have no tone.

This description best characterizes which of the following?

A) Akinesia
B) Spastic paralysis
C) Volitional Paresis
D) Flaccid Paralysis
E) Emotional Paresis
A

D) Flaccid paralysis

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28
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Upper limit for twitch tension is high

A

Glycolytic fast twitch

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29
Q

Lack of movement, damage to the basal ganglia - seen in severe PD patients

This description best characterizes which of the following?

A) Akinesia
B) Spastic paralysis
C) Volitional Paresis
D) Flaccid Paralysis
E) Emotional Paresis
A

A) Akinesia

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30
Q

Define A-reflexia

A

Lack of reflexes

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31
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Can be large because force depends on cross sectional area

A

Fast twitch

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32
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

High upper limit for tetanic tension

A

FF MU

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33
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Rise time is intermediate

A

FR MU

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34
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Speed of contraction is fast

A

Fast twitch fibers

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35
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Upper limit for twitch tension is intermediate

A

Oxidative glycolytic fast twitch

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36
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Requires oxygen to function

A

Slow twitch; oxidative glycolytic fast twitch CAN use oxygen, but does not require it.

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37
Q

Which type of movement involves the coordinated function of various muscles and motor commands to control for fatigue, balance, weight (load)

A

Smooth movement

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38
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Speed of contraction is slow

A

Slow-twitch

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39
Q

Small, slow units are active during low/high force contractions

A

Low force contractions

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40
Q

Why would fasciculations get larger after denervated muscle wasting?

A

Because the surviving motor neurons will rennervate the surviving fibers

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41
Q

When a motor unit fires,

A) None of the fibers in the unit contract
B) Some of the fibers in the unit contract
C) All of the fibers in the unit contract

A

C) All of the fibers in the unit contract

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42
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Contains glycogen stores

A

Fast twitch

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43
Q

What part of the brain does volitional action involve?

A

Central cortex

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44
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Tires quickly

A

Fast twitch

45
Q

Large fast units are active during smooth control/poor control

A

Poor control

46
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Input resistance is intermediate

A

FR MU

47
Q 
A-Reflexia results from a lesion in which of the following?
A) Basal ganglia
B) Descending motor tracts
C) Motor neurons
D) Motor interneurons
A

C) Motor neurons, as well as the NMJ and muscle

48
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Made of oxidative glycolytic fast twitch fibers

A

FR MU

49
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Not very large

A

Slow twitch

50
Q

Define motor unit

A

1 motor neuron + fibers it innervates

51
Q

Are reflexes affected by voluntary control?

A

NO

52
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Current threshold for activation is intermediate

A

FR MU

53
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Energy Source is aerobic only

A

Slow twitch

54
Q

What would denervated muscles look like on EMG?

A

Would show fasciculations

55
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Upper size limit is intermediate

A

Oxidative glycolytic fast-twitch

56
Q

Which type of movement is involved with postural control and micturition

A

Stereotyped movement

57
Q

Give an example of a muscle that does tonic movement - ongoing for long periods of time, postural

A

Soleus ( in the leg )

58
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Has a lot of mitochondria

A

Slow twitch

59
Q

True or false: There is increasing tension as more muscle units are recruited

A

TRUE

60
Q

Which type of movement depends on skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary movement

61
Q

What is the maximal duration of continuous activation for oxidative glycolytic fast twitch fibers?

A

30 mins or less

62
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Upper size limit is small

A

Slow twitch fibers

63
Q

Define reflex

A

Simple movement in reaction to stimuli (usually painful)

64
Q

What causes a deficit of passive movement

A

Central problems

65
Q

What is the maximal duration of continuous activation for FR motor units?

A

30 mins or less

66
Q

What is the term for the inability to perform emotional actions?

A

emotional paresis

67
Q

Large, fast units are active during low/high force contractions

A

High

68
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Innervation ratio is low

A

FR MU

69
Q

How does compensation work?

A

Increases discharge frequency of remaining neurons that are part of a partially lost motor pathway

70
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Innervation ratio is the highest

A

FF motor units

71
Q

Which has a larger fiber size, the soleus or the orbicularis occuli?

A

Soleus

72
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Generates force slowly

A

Slow twitch

73
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Generates large force

A

Fast twitch

74
Q 
Hyper-reflexia results from a lesion in which of the following?
A) Basal Ganglia
B) Descending Motor Tracts
C) Motor Neurons
D) Motor Interneurons
A

B) Descending motor tracts

75
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Anaerobic glycolysis only

A

Glycolytic fast twitch

76
Q

What are the two categories of self-generated actions?

A

Volitional and emotional

77
Q

The fibers in a single MU are

A) Homogenous (i.e., all fast twitch)
B) Heterogenous (i.e., some fast twitch, some slow twitch)

A

A) Homogenous

78
Q

What part of the brain does emotional action involve?

A

Cortex

79
Q

Which type of movement is LESS accurate, fast or slow movements?

A

Fast

80
Q

Which muscle fiber makes up a motor unit that can be described as “fast fatigable”

A

Glycolytic fast twitch

81
Q

What results from spinal poliomyelitis?

A

Motor neuron death + muscle weakness and flaccid paralysis

82
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Maintains force for a long time

A

Slow twitch

83
Q

What confers the “biochemical type”

A

The motor neuron that innervates the fibers

84
Q

Define hyperreflexia

A

Exuberant reflexes

85
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Rise time is fast

A

FF MU

86
Q

Which type of movement is semi-automatic and has rhythmic behaviors?

A

Stereotyped movement

87
Q

What would a deficit of passive movement look like?

A

Resistance to movement

88
Q

What is the rise time of S motor units?

A

50-100 ms

89
Q

Give an example of a muscle that does phasic (burst activity) movement - fast, short-lived

A

Obicularis oculi

90
Q

Lesion in the corticospinal pathway or supplementary area. Involves hyper-reflexia

This description best characterizes which of the following?

A) Akinesia
B) Spastic paralysis
C) Volitional Paresis
D) Flaccid Paralysis
E) Emotional Paresis
A

B) Spastic paralysis

91
Q

What is the rise time of FR motor units?

A

30-50 ms

92
Q

Lesions in the basal ganglia result in what?

A

Rigidity (felt as constant resistance) - commonly found with deficits of passive movement

93
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Made of glycolytic fast twitch fibers

A

FF MU

94
Q

Muscle control is done by

A) Slow twitch muscle fibers
B) Motor pools
C) Motor neurons
D) Motor units

A

B) Motor pools

95
Q

Lesions in the descending motor tracts (UMN) result in what?

A

Spasticity (initial resistance, then relative ease of movement) - commonly found with deficits of passive movement

96
Q

In spinal poliomyelitis, do muscles have increased or decreased MU recruitment?

A

Decreased

97
Q

What is volitional paresis?

A

Absence of voluntary movements only

98
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Rise time is slow

A

S MU

99
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Maximal duration of continuous activation is hours

A

Slow twitch

100
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Contains Myoglobin

A

Slow twitch

101
Q

Define compensation

A

Allows for continued muscle function even with a partial loss in a motor pathway

102
Q

What is Henneman’s size principle?

A

Maximal force depends on the number of fibers recruited

103
Q

What is the rise time of FF motor units?

A

3-30 ms

104
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Input resistance is high

A

S MU

105
Q

Motor units are/are not mixed in fibers, while muscles are/are not mixed in fibers

A

Motor units are NOT mixed in fibers, while muscles ARE mixed in fibers

106
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Made of slow-twitch fibers

A

S MU

107
Q

Which muscle type does the following characterization describe?

Upper size limit is large

A

Glycolytic fast twitch

108
Q

Which motor unit does the following description characterize?

Innervation ratio is the lowest

A

S motor units

Neurophysiology Loyola (7 decks)

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