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MBIO 1010 > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

Lectures 32-34

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Acquired:
-Begins as soon as a pathogen is encountered for the very first time
-Adaptive response will not occur until a pathogen is encountered
Very specific:
-Very targeted to a specific feature of a given bacterium, virus, toxin
-Immunity to one pathogen will not confer immunity to another
Has a memory component:
-Produces a more effective response when a pathogen is encountered for the second time-faster and stronger

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2
Q

What are the two components of the adaptive immune system?

A

Cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity

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3
Q

What is cell mediated immunity? Humoral immunity?

A

Cell-Mediated-Immune response that does not involve antibodies
Humoral-mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids (ex. antibodies)

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4
Q

What is a protein produced by the immune system that bind and inactivate foreign antigen?

A

Antibody

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5
Q

What is the term that describes any foreign material that has the ability to active the adaptive immune system? -Normally protein, polysaccharide, lipid material

A

Immunogens

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6
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The actual portion of the antigen that binds to the antibody. A single antigen will have more than one epitope.
-each epitope requires a certain antibody

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7
Q

What is immunogenicity?

A

Increases in the ability of an antigen to activate the immune system.

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8
Q

What is a hapten?

A

Low molecular weight compound that is too small on its own to activate adaptive immunity

  • Not immunogenic
  • Can bind to other molecules such as protein in blood and tissues
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9
Q

Antibodies (Ab) are what kind of protein molecule?

A

glycosylated`

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10
Q

What is another name for Antibodies (Ab)?

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

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11
Q

What 4 subunits are immunoglobulins (Ig) made of?

A
  • Two identical heavy chains
  • Two identical light chains
  • Chains are assembled creating three distinct regions
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12
Q

What are the three distinct regions on the immunoglobulin chains?

A

2 identical variable regions (Fab regions)
-Provide the specificity of the antibody
1 constant region (Fc region)
-Allows for interaction with immune cells

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13
Q

In what region are the light chains located in an immunoglobulin?

A

Variable region (Fab)

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14
Q

In what region are the heavy chains located in an immunoglobulin?

A

Constant region (Fc)

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15
Q

Based on differences in the Fc region there are five different types of antibody- what are they?

A
  • Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
  • Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  • Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  • Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
  • Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
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16
Q

Which antibody is a monomer that is located on the surface of B cells, and is important in the activation of B cells to begin producing antibody against a specific antigen?

A 
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
-D for "average DUDE"
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17
Q

Which antibody is dimeric, secreted at mucosal sites (Saliva, tears, mucous), and is an important defense against respiratory, reproductive, digestive tract infections?

A 
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
-A for "ACHOO"
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18
Q

Which antibody is a Monomer, binds to receptors located on the surface of mast cells and basophils, and when the binding of IgE-antigen complex occurs, it triggers degranulation and histamine release (allergies)?

A 
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
-E for "don't EAT peanuts"
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19
Q

Which antibody is a monomer, the most predominate antibody in the blood, and also present in the tissues?

A 
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
-G for "GREAT at its job"
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20
Q

Why is Immunoglobulin M (IgM) different from the other four antibodies shape was?

A

It is pentameric, meaning it is a quaternary protein structure that consists of five protein subunits.
-M for “MANY”

21
Q

What are the characteristics of Immunoglobulin M (IgM)? Why is it so important?

A

Immunoglobulin M is so important because it is always the first antibody produced to respond to an antigen.

  • Found on the surface of B lymphocytes
  • Remains in the blood
  • Unable to enter the tissues
  • Low affinity for antigen
  • Very good at agglutination
22
Q

What are the five major antibody functions?

A 
Neutralization
Opsonization
Agglutination 
Antibody mediated cytotoxicity
Complement activation
23
Q

Which major antibody function coat the surface of the bacterial cell, attracts phagocytes, greatly enhances the rate of phagocytosis and has the ability to have the phagocyte interact with its own Fc region?

A

Opsonization

24
Q

How does Antibody mediated cytotoxicity work?

A

Attachment of antibody to parasites recruits eosinophils
Eosinophils attach to the Fc component of antibodies Activated eosinophil releases reactive oxygen species and hydrolytic enzymes
Parasite is destroyed

25
Q

Which major antibody function binds to a minimum of 2 identical antigen units which leads to clumps of antigens allowing phagocytosis to occur more efficiently?

A

Agglutination

26
Q

Which major antibody function has antibodies bind to antigen blocking attachment sites, therefore preventing bacteria, virus and toxin from entering tissues and host cells?

A

Neutralization

27
Q

How does Complement activation work?

A

Complement is a system consisting of a series of proteins found in the blood. They can be activated by antibody that is bound to a bacterial cell. This is a classical pathway of complement activation.

28
Q

In complement activation, what is a immune response created when activation occurs?

A

A MAC attack complex forms

  • Inserts into the membrane of bacterial cell forming a pore
  • Contents of the cell leak and the bacterium dies
29
Q

What are three examples of antigen presenting cells?

A

B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

30
Q

What can antigen presenting cells insert into the plasma membrane?

A

MHC II

-major histocompatibility complex

31
Q

Antibodies are created against exogenous antigens. What is an exogenous antigen? Give examples.

A

An antigen that exists outside of the cell in the surrounding extra-cellular fluid
Ex) bacteria, virus, parasite, toxin, etc.

32
Q

What are the steps of antibody production?

A
  1. B cell phagocytoses exogenous antigen
  2. T helper cells bind to MHC II-Antigen complex resulting in T helper cell activation
  3. Some of these newly produced B cells will become plasma cells
  4. A smaller fraction of newly produced B cells will become memory cells
33
Q

In step 1 of antibody production, after the B cell phagocytoses the exogenous antigen, what happens to the now digested material?

A

The digested material will be complexed with MHC II and inserted into the plasma membrane.

34
Q

In step 2 of antibody production, after the activation of the T helper cell, what does the T helper cell release?

A

The activated T helper cell releases cytokines that bind to receptors on the B cell resulting in B cell proliferation (rapid increase in #’s).

35
Q

In step 3 of antibody production, what occurs after the B cells become plasma cells?

A

The cells actively transcribe, translate and secrete an identical antibody protein to the extracellular fluid. These antibodies are specific to the original exogenous antigen.

36
Q

In step 4 of antibody production, what occurs after a smaller fraction of newly produced B cell become memory cells?

A

They will be used in subsequent encounters with the same antigen. They will not produce antibodies during the current response.

37
Q

What is CD4? What stage of antibody production does it come into play?

A

CD4 is a marker for T cells. It comes into play during step 2 of antibody production.

38
Q

What is primary antibody response?

A

It occurs the very first time a specific antigen is encountered.
Can be a natural encounter or an artificial encounter (ex: vaccination)
Produces a weak antibody mediated response
-Slow production of low levels of antibody

39
Q

What does a primary antibody response result in?

A

The production of memory B cells, which is the major goal.

40
Q

What is secondary antibody response?

A

Occurs every additional time (after the primary response) a specific antigen is encountered
Produces a strong antibody mediated response
Rapid production of high levels of antibody
So rapid that the pathogen will not be able to establish infection
Therefore no disease occurs

41
Q

What prevents immune-response against self-antigens?

A

Tolerance

42
Q

How does tolerance prevent immune-response against self-antigens?

A

Any immune cells that are found to recognize self-antigens are destroyed early on in development. This helps to prevents auto-immune disease.

43
Q

What occurs during cell-mediated immunity?

A

Cells recognizes and destroys abnormal cells present in the body.

44
Q

What is an endogenous antigen?

A

Cells infected with virus or obligate intracellular bacteria. These are endogenous antigen because they are present inside of the host cell.

45
Q

What kind of helper cell(s) are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

46
Q

During cell-mediated immunity, a diseased host cell will display endogenous antigen in the plasma membrane complexed together with MHC I. What will the cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Cytotoxic T cells will bind to MHC I-Antigen complex using their T cell receptor (TCR).

47
Q

During cell-mediated immunity, what does the binding of cytotoxic T cell to the MHC I-antigen complex result in?

A

It results in activation of the cytotoxic T cell triggering it to release perforins and granzymes that cause death of the infected host cell.

48
Q

In order to clear a viral infections what type(s) of immunity are required?/

A

Both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity are required.

MBIO 1010 (14 decks)

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