intro

Question 1

what is classic conditioning?

Answer 1

learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
S-1 AND S-2
Response takes place even if conditions become more demanding.

Question 2

who thinks its classic conditioning is only glandular or visceral ?

Answer 2

Skinner

Question 3

Who thinks classic conditioning can also create other conditioned responses: skeletal (motor response)?

Answer 3

pavlov

Question 4

what is Sign tracking OR autoshaping?

Answer 4

Pecking happens without prior training or shaping.

Classic conditioning procedure + classical conditioning stimulus!

Question 5

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 5

Relation between behavior and consequence. R-S

Question 6

what is the Control problem in Pavlovian conditioning?

Answer 6

Proving that changed behavior after presenting with CS = only result of CS-US

usually habituation not a problem = decreased behavior <> pavlovian learning is increased behavior. Sensitization is a problem

Question 7

what is random control?

Answer 7

RESCORLA

CS and US presented repeatedly but at random times and independently of each other.

Problem: not neutral base line. Associative learning can develop if CS and US happen to be presented at random at same time.
Or if US is alone > background association

Question 8

what is Discriminative control?

Answer 8

2 types of CS used. CS+ and CS-
Example: light and sound. CS+ is sound and presentation of US (shock). CS- is light and no US is presented

Association = only if CS+ response is more than CS-

Controls for:
only CS sensitization
only US sensitization
or dishabituation

problem: interpretation of effect

Question 9

what is unpaired control?

Answer 9

CS and US presented, but scheduled so that CS and US never occur together

Question 10

What is S-R learning?

Answer 10

Conditioned response CR is direct consequence of CS
US is the cause of associative learning (shock) but is not learned in the association

Pavlovian

Question 11

What is S-S learning?

Answer 11

CR happens indirectly through representation of US (shock).
US also learned within mental model.
CS makes you think of US and causes CR.
Motivational value of US regulates CR

Pavlovian

Question 12

What is the experiment of US devaluation?

Answer 12

Proves S-S learning
Holloway & Domjan

Male quale - motivation changed. Proven that S-S happened because CR decreased after US motivation decreased.

Question 13

What is latent inhibition?

Answer 13

Latent inhibition: pre exposure fase retards reaction to US

explained as attention effect > less attention because of pre exposure with no consequence

Pre exposure fase: presentation of stimulus alone (tone) that will later become CS.

Question 14

What is CS-US relevance and selective association?

Answer 14

US activates behavior that corresponds with it.
Food > feeding system activated > in pigeons visual response high

Selective CS - US association:
Pigeons are more likely to associate visual stimulus with food than auditory. Food > visual

However shock and auditory cue is stronger conditioned than shock and visual!.
shock > auditory

Question 15

experiment selective conditioning shows…?

Answer 15

Garcia & Koelling

result= illness and taste is stronger

Result = shock and audio visual stronger

Question 16

What are the stimulus CS-US important relationships?

Answer 16

Temporal: CS-US
Signal relationships: CS-US
Higher order relationships
Conditioned inhibition
Conditioned facilitation

This influences if learning occurs and what learning occurs

Question 17

What is the temporal link effective CS-US?

Answer 17

Simultaneous: CS and US at same time

Delayed: CS..few seconds .. US. US is presented when CS is still presented. There is an overlap!

Trace conditioning: CS……longer time passes.. US. CS is no longer presented when US is given. NO overlap!
> KAMIN proves trace reduced effectivity!

Result:
Delayed is best in learning classical conditioning - simultaneous least effective

Question 18

What is the effect of CS-US interval?

Answer 18

How much time passes between start CS and presentation US. is interstimulus interval

Experiment: Nictitating membrane response - > best response is a few seconds delay

conditioned suppression > best response is a few minutes delay

Garcia: taste aversion
long delay - learning > best result a few hours .

Question 19

what is CS-US contingency (contingentie?)

Answer 19

Presence of one stimulus can serve as basis predicting other stimulus.

2 probabilities:
Probability US occurs if CS is present p(US/CS)

2. Probability US occurs when CS is not present
   (p(US/ no CS)

Positive contingency:
p(US/CS) is higher
Than
p(US/ NO CS)

= excitatory conditioning

Question 20

what is inhibitory conditioning and CS-US contingency?

Answer 20

p(US/ NO CS)

Higher than

p(US/CS)

Question 21

What is perfect contingency?

Answer 21

Perfect contingency is when US never occurs when CS is not present.

0 contingency: if US occurs equally often with CS as without CS (RANDOM control procedure)

Question 22

What is performance theory (performantie theorie) of learning?

Answer 22

VP/US contingency > influences behavioral expression

of CS-US association

Question 23

What is zero contingency effect ?

Answer 23

= context clue conditioning

p (US/CS) equals p(US/ no CS) = 0.5

US alone trails:

• Kan de US-CS associatie blokkeren
• Can block expression of US-CS behavior > comparator model see late

Question 24

What is contiguity (contiguïteit) ?

Answer 24

Presenting US- with CS in same space and time = not enough for pavlovian conditioning to happen

Question 25

What is blocking?

Answer 25

KAMIN

CS must be not-redundant

Proven by : BLOCKING effect

Presenting target CS with another cue (which was previously conditioned with same US) that already predicts US.

The target CS will be redundant - you will not learn much about it

> all stimuli have positive contingency with US!
Phase 1: Noise + shock
Phase 2: noise + light(CS) + shock

Test: light

Question 26

what is conditioned inhibition?

Answer 26

CS becomes signal for no-US

When US was expected because of contextual clues!
Only significant that US is not presented if US was expected!

2 conditioned stimuli presented:

A is signal for US&raquo_space;> red light > no driving

Alternated with…

A+ B no-CS > red light + traffic officer = drive

Blocks hesitation to cross road when traffic officer and red light are combined > result is traffic officer is conditioned inhibitor

Question 27

what is Negative - CS-US contingency?

Answer 27

expectation that US will not occur when CS has been presented

p(US/CS) less likely than
p(US/ no CS)

Question 28

CS- Conditioned inhibition: behavioral manifestation How does it work?

Answer 28

inhibitory CS > suppresses the CR

CS- is difficult to detect

Question 29

what is the summation test?

Answer 29

Phase 1: you train a excitatory CS+
For example - tone+ food until it is well associated and measure the base rate.

Phase 2: you add stimulus of which you suspects is an inhibitor CS-.

if the baseline significantly decreases when you add the CS- to the CS+ test.. . you know CS- is the inhibitor

Question 30

what is RETARDATION OF ACQUISITION TEST?

Answer 30

Using a stimulus that is a inhibitor will slow down using that same stimulus as an excitatory stimulus.

So going from C- to C+ will take longer…