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Z/ HIGHER Chemistry > Other Helpful Definitions > Flashcards

Other Helpful Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of alcohols?

A

Carbon compounds whcich contain the hydroxyl functional group, -OH.

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2
Q

What is the definition of aldehydes?

A

Carbon compounds which contain the -CHO functional group. They are formed by oxidation of primary alcohols and they oxidise to produce carboxylic acids.

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3
Q

What is the definition of alkanals?

A

A homologous series of aldehydes, general formula Cn H2n O.

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4
Q

What is the definition of alknoic acid?

A

A homologous series of carboxylic acids, general formula Cn H2n O2. The first memeber is methanoic acid, HCOOH.

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5
Q

What is the definition of alkanones?

A

A homologous series of ketones, general formula Cn H2n O. The first memeber is propanone, Ch3 COCH3.

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6
Q

What is the definition of an amide link?

A

Group of atoms formed by condensation polymerisation of amino acids in the formation of protein chains. The amide link is -CO-NH-.

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7
Q

What is the definition of carbonyl group?

A

The functional group present in ketones, C=O. Also found in aldehydes as functional group -CHO as well as carboxylic acids functional group, -COOH.

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8
Q

What is the definition of Carboxyl group?

A

The functional group in carboxylic acids, -COOH. The name derives from the fact that the carboxyl group contains a carbonyl and hydroxyl group.

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9
Q

What is the definition of catalyst poisoning?

A

This occurs when a substance forms strong bonds with the surface of a catalyst thus reducing its efficency.

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10
Q

What is the definition of a concentration?

A

The amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solution . The usual units are moles per litre (mol/L).

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11
Q

What is the definition of displacement?

A

A redox reaction where a metal high in the electrochemical series reacts with a compound of a metal lower in the electrochemical series.

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12
Q

What is the definition of enthalpy change?

A

The difference in heat energy between reactants and products in a reaction.

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13
Q

What is the definition of an enzyme?

A

A globular protein which is able to catalyse a specific reaction.

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14
Q

What is the definition of esters?

A

Carbon compounds formed when alcohols react with carboxylic acids by condensation.

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15
Q

What is the definition of fats?

A

Esters formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of long chain carboxylic acids. The compounds have melting points highe enough to be solid at room temperature.

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16
Q

What is the definition of fatty acids?

A

Carboxylic acids formed from the hydrolysis of fats and oils.

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17
Q

What is the definition of glycerol?

A

Propan - 1,2,3 - triol. formed from the hydrolysis of fats and oils.

18
Q

What is the definition of hydrogen bonds?

A

Intermolecular forces of attraction. The molecules must contain highly polar bonds in which hydrogen atoms are linked to every electronegative nitrogen, oxygen or fluporine atoms. The hydrogen atoms are then left with a positive charge and are attracted to the electronegative atoms of other molecules. They atre a specific, stronger type of permanent dipole - permanent diplole interaction.

19
Q

What is the definition of hydrophillic?

A

A term used to describe molecules, or parts of a molecule, which are attracted to water. For example, the -OH in alcohols is hydrophillic.

20
Q

What is the definotion of hydrophobic?

A

A term used to describe molecules, or parts of a molecule, which repel water and will not bond to water. For example the long hydrocarbon chain in fats and oils are hydrophobic.

21
Q

What is the definition of Hydroxyl group?

A

The -OH group. It is found in alcohols.

22
Q

What is the definition of an indicator?

A

A chemical dye added to a titration to detect the end point.

23
Q

What is the definition of intermolecular bonds?

A

Bonds between molecules, such as London dispersion forces, permanent dipole - permanent dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds. They are much weaker than intramolecular bonds.

24
Q

What is the definition of intramolecular bonds?

A

Bonds within molecules, such as covalent and polar covalent bonds.

25
Q

What is the definition of an ion electron equation?

A

An equation that shows either the loss of electrons or the gain of electrons.

26
Q

What is the definition of isomers?

A

Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

27
Q

What is the definition of isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element which have different number of neutrons. They have he same atomic number but different mass number.

28
Q

What is the definition of London dispersion forces?

A

The weak forces of attraction between all atoms and molecules, caused by temporary dipoles.

29
Q

What is the definition of miscibility?

A

The ability of liquids to mix perfectly together. In contrast, immiscible liquids form clearly defined layers with He denser liquid forming the lower layer.

30
Q

What is the definition of monatomic?

A

A term used to describe the noble gases since they are composed of individual atoms which do not bond to each other. They are held together by London dispersion forces in the liquid and solid state.

31
Q

What is the definition of permanent dipole - permanent dipole attractions?

A

The attraction between molecules which possess a permanent dipole because of the presence of polar bonds.

32
Q

What is the definition of polar covalent bonds?

A

Bonds formed between non-metallic atoms by sharing a pair of electrons. If the atoms have considerably different electronegativities, the electrons are not shared equally, the more electronegative atom becoming slightly negative in comparison with the other atom. As a result the bond is ‘polar’, for example H+ - Cl-.

33
Q

What is the definition of retention time?

A

He lengths time it takes a substance to reach the detector, in a chromatography experiment, after being injected into the chromatography column.

34
Q

What is the definition of soaps?

A

Sals of fatty acids e.g. sodium stearate. Soaps have an ionic head that is water soluble and a covalent tail which is soluble in oil.

35
Q

What is the definition of a spectator ion?

A

An ion which is present in a reaction mixture but does not take part in the reaction.

36
Q

What is the definition of a standard solution?

A

A solution of known concentration.

37
Q

What is the definition of temporary dipoles?

A

Formed in all atoms where an excess of electrons is formed at one part of the atom. Temporary dipoles are the basis for London dispersion forces.

38
Q

What is the definition of triglyceride?

A

The molecules found in fats and oils. They are formed from one glycerol molecule joining to three fatty acid molecules.

39
Q

What is the definition of viscosity?

A

A description of how thick a liquid is, for example, engine oil is thicker than petrol.

40
Q

What is the definition of a variable?

A

Something that can be changed in a chemical reaction such as temperature, particle size, concentration, etc.

Z/ HIGHER Chemistry (25 decks)

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