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Tudors > Henry 8th > Flashcards

Henry 8th Flashcards

1
Q

How many women did he marry?

A

6

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2
Q

How many bonds and recognisances still to be owed did Henry cancel?

A

175

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3
Q

How many posts at court were seen as worth getting?

A

200

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4
Q

How many members on the Privy Council?

A

20

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5
Q

When did Henry make his royal progress? Where through?

A
  1. Surrey and Sussex.
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6
Q

Who were among those who used the dry stamp?

A

William Paget and John Gate.

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7
Q

How did Greg Walker describe the court?

A

As having plenty of “factional intrigue”.

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8
Q

What did Walker also say Henry did?

A

Had a “conscious cultivation of royal magnificence”.

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9
Q

When did Wolsey become Lord Chancellor?

A

1515

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10
Q

When was Wolsey appointed Cardinal?

A

1514

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11
Q

When did Wolsey become a Privy Councillor?

A

1510

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12
Q

When did Wolsey convince Henry that, Duke of Buckingham (who had many fortified castles and had a claim to the throne through a son of Edward III), was treasonous?

A

1521

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13
Q

When were the Eltham Ordinances drawn up?

A

1526

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14
Q

When was the Act of Resumption? What did it do?

A
  1. Restored some crown lands (that had been granted away a the start of Henry VIII’s reign), since income from crown lands had decreased to £25,000 a year
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15
Q

When was the Amicable Grant?

A

1525

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16
Q

How does Elton describe the response of the laity and the clergy to the Amicable Grant?

A

They were “violently resisting the demands”.

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17
Q

When did Wolsey enquire into enclosures made since they were abolished in 1488?

A

1517

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18
Q

What Elton say about the Eltham Ordinances?

A

“But these plans remained plans”

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19
Q

From what year was the Court of the Star Chamber reformed?

A

1516

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20
Q

When did Anne Boleyn get pregnant? When did she and Henry marry (in secret)?

A

1532; 1533

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21
Q

When did William Tyndale publish his influential book? What was it called?

A

‘The Obedience of a Christian Man, and how Christian Rulers Ought to Govern’ (DOCTRINE).

1528

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22
Q

What did Wolsey’s enquiry into enclosures do?

A

They only enraged “the landed gentry still further” and “did nothing to relieve the economic problem”.

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23
Q

What did Wolsey do about the Court of the Star Chamber?

A

He “monopolised its authority”

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24
Q

When did Cardinal Campeggio become judge in Henry’s case?

A

1528

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25
Q

When did Henry stop sleeping with Anne? When had her last pregnancy been?

A

1524; 1518

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26
Q

When did Cromwell finish the ‘Supplication Against the Ordinaries’?

A

Early 1532

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27
Q

Which historian made a comment about papal power?

A

C. N. Truman - post-divorce, Henry saw the Crown “as the only acceptable replacement for Papal power”

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28
Q

Who identified the 4 main strands of anticlericalism? (A historian)

A

J. J. Scarisbrick

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29
Q

Core beliefs of the reformation;

A

Emphasis on the vernacular (spoken language)

Importance of an individual’s faith rather than external acts (justification by faith alone)

A lack of belief in transubstantiation.

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30
Q

When was Luther’s first work written? What was it called?

A

Luther’s ‘Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences’

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31
Q

What was Zwingli’s equivalent to the 95 theses?

A

The 67 Conclusions

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32
Q

Who argued that anticlericalism was present?

A

Elton

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33
Q

Who suggested that anticlericalism was not rife? What did they say?

A

C. Haigh; the corruption of the Church were among “historical illusions”.

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34
Q

What did Buechner say about Anne Boleyn?

A

“Anne was believed to be active in promoting Luther’s ideas”.

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35
Q

When did Cromwell send out his agents to tour religious houses?

A

1535

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36
Q

When did Henry pass the first Act of he Dissolution of the Monasteries? What did this do?

A

1536; all religious houses worth under £200 a year were to be dissolved

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37
Q

When did Henry pass the second Act of the Dissolution of the Monasteries? What did this do,

A

1539; all property of the greater houses now transferred to the crown

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38
Q

When were the Lincolnshire and Pilgrimage of Grace uprisings?

A

Late 1536

39
Q

How many men did Robert Aske have? Which ‘Sir’ was involved?

A

30,000. Sir Ralph Elleker.

40
Q

When did Sir Francis Bigod’s revolt begin? What was the final death toll?

A

Early 1537; final death toll = 178

41
Q

How did R. and M. Dodds describe the late 1530s rebellions? How did Elton describe the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

“a truly popular movement”; “the effort of a defeated court faction”:

42
Q

Who (and where) did one describe how Henry divorced to prove that he was just as powerful as the Pope?

A

Virginia Murphy - ‘The Literature and Propaganda of Henry VIII’s First Divorce’.

43
Q

What did John Guy say about doctrine? What did he say about dosh?

A

Doctrine allows Henry to BWR; Dosh gives Henry reason to BWR

44
Q

When did Thomas Cromwell become a member of the Privy Council?

A

1531

45
Q

When did Cromwell become Lord Privy Seal?

A

1536

46
Q

When was the Act of Supremacy passed?

A

1534

47
Q

After when did Parliament pass a range of laws previously unseen?

A

1529

48
Q

When was the ‘Act of Union’ with Wales?

A

1536

49
Q

Between certain dates, how many Acts were passed? By contrast, between what dates were less acts passed?

When did Wolsey die?

A

1532-1540, 333 Acts passed in 8 sessions.

1509-1531, 203 Acts passed in 9 sessions

Wolsey died in 1530

50
Q

When was the Bishop’s Book drafted?

A

1537

51
Q

When was the English (Great) Bible published? Who published a previous version, and when?

A

1539; 1535 by Miles Coverdale

52
Q

When was the King’s Book published?

A

1543

53
Q

When did Sir Thomas more resign? When was he executed?

When was John Fisher executed?

A

More resigned 1532; executed 1535.

Fisher executed 1535.

54
Q

What did More and Fisher refuse to swear?

A

The Oath of Succession, required under the 1534 ‘Succession to the Crown Act’.

55
Q

When did, through the pulpit, did Cromwell command bishops to take action against clergy who were against reform?

A

1536.

56
Q

When did Cromwell send royal correspondence?

A

April 1535

57
Q

When was the trial of Cranmer? How does Scarisbrick describe the situation?

A

1543; Scarisbrick describes how Henry gave Cranmer his ring, which “scattered his enemies”.

58
Q

When was the domestic event re. Catherine Parr?

A

1546

59
Q

By which date were the reform faction dominant in government?

A

1547

60
Q

When were the conservative faction destroyed via arrests?

A

Late 1546

61
Q

When was Cromwell executed?

A

1540

62
Q

How much more annual royal income did Charles V have compared to Henry VIII?

A

More than 5 times more.

63
Q

From when was Charles V HREmperor?

A

1519

64
Q

When was the 1st war with France? 2nd war? 3rd war?

A 
1st = 1512-1514
2nd = 1522-25
3rd = 1543-46
65
Q

When was the battle of the Spurs? When did Henry declare war for a second time? When did Bourbon go against Francis?

A

1513; 1522; 1523

66
Q

When did Charles V defeat Francis’s forces at Pavia? When did Henry try to persuade Charles to have a joint assault? When was the Anglo-French Treaty of the More?

A

Early 1525; 1525; treaty = summer of 1525

67
Q

When was the League of Cognac against the HRE formed?

A

1526

68
Q

What were Henry VIII’s FP aims?

A
  • Achieve glory in France.
  • Be crowned King of France.
  • Maintain good relations with the Habsburgs to protect the cloth trade.
  • Pacify the Scottish border (in order to facilitate war w/France).
  • Achieve recognition / diplomatic success.
  • Preserve the balance of power within Europe.
69
Q

When was the Treaty of London? What did a certain historian say about it?

A

1518; T. A. Morris - the treaty “did not last”

70
Q

When was the Field of the Cloth of Gold? When did the H-V wars break out?

A

Mid 1520; 1521

71
Q

When did Maximilian I (HRE) die?
When did Francis declare war on Charles V (and why?).
When was the Treaty of Bruges signed?

A

1519

1521 (Charles invaded
Luxembourg)

1521

72
Q

When did Henry sail to Calais during the 3rd French war? How many men in his army?

A

1544; 48,000 men

73
Q

When was the Treaty of Crepy signed between Francis and Charles? When was the Treaty of Ardres signed?

A

1544; 1546. Ardres allowed Henry to keep Boulogne and forced France to pay all outstanding pensions. The third war had cost £2 million.

74
Q

When did Charles V sack Rome? When did Henry take military action against him? When was the Treaty of Cambrai?

A

1527; 1528; 1529

75
Q

When was the Battle of Flodden? How does Richard Rex describe it?

A

1513; the “greatest defeat” the English ever inflicted on the Scots.

76
Q

When did Norfolk invade Scotland to force it to accept terms which would’ve made the country a satellite of England’s?

A

1542

77
Q

How many Scots were killed at Solway Moss? How many Scottish noblemen surrendered? When was Solway Moss?

A

20; Hundreds surrendered; 1542

78
Q

When was Beaton overthrown and the Treaty of Greenwich signed?

A
  1. Greenwich would later be rejected, and it was around this time that Beaton escaped.
79
Q

When did the Earl of Hertford burn Edinburgh and lay waste to the English countryside?

When was Beaton murdered?

A

1544; 1546

80
Q

Why was the 1st F war successful? Why not?

A

Failure to become King + achieve glory in France: Towns of Therouanne and Tournai were soft targets, and army mutinied.

Success at glory through pension and Victory at the Battle of Spurs (1513), diplomatic success via marriage

81
Q

2nd war w/France successes/failures?

A

Failure to achieve glory + be crowned King. Diplomatic failure through the cancelling of the marriage between Mary I and Charles V. Failure for balance of power initially because of Battle of Pavia.

Success at preserving balance of power + diplomatic success through Anglo-French Treaty of the More.

82
Q

3rd war with France success / failure?

A

Failed to be crowned King. Treaty of Crepys brought Habsburg friendly relations aim into question.

Success at capture and keeping Boulogne + maintaining face by not being completely duped (achieving recognition).

83
Q

Successes / failures of the FOCLOG?

A

Diplomatic failure, but achieved aim of recognition + double game reveals preserving balance of power.

84
Q

Failures of BWR? (FP-wise). Successes?

A

Failed at maintaining good relations w/Habsburgs and because of the Treaty of Cambrai, failure at preserving balance of power.

Success in terms of recognition.

85
Q

Successes/failures of Scottish FP in the 1510s?

1540s failures?

A

1510s = success at pacifying Scottish border.

1540s = failure at pacification, conquering Scotland, recognition.

86
Q

What was it about Leviticus that went against Henry’s marriage?

What happened to Wolsey after the divorce?

A

Leviticus stated that one must not marry their brother’s widow.

After Henry’s case got revoked, Wolsey escaped execution as he died before this could happen (in 1530).

87
Q

When was the marriage between Henry and Katherine declared invalid? When were the simultaneous Supremacy Acts?

A

1533.

‘Act in the Restraint of Appeals to Rome’ (1533) began the political process that transferred papal power in England to the King.

Then, in 1534 the Act of Supremacy declared him the Supreme Head of the Church.

89
Q

The Third Succession Act of 1543 - did what?

A

Named Edward as heir, then Mary, then Elizabeth next in line if Edward did not survive or produce children.

90
Q

Flip over for exact nature of the Reformation:

A

Beginnings of the English Reformation = The Henrician Reformation (religious changes under Cromwell + Henry).

91
Q

What did Cranmer do to muster more support for the divorce?

What did Cromwell do to give Henry even more reason to carry on with the divorce proceedings?

A

Canvassed opinions from sympathetic lawyers.

Finished the ‘Supplication Against the Ordinaries’ in early 1532, a petition to curtail clerical arrogance.

92
Q

What were the strands of anticlericalism that J. J. Scarisbrick set out?

A

A negative, destructive anticlericalism: widespread feeling of dissatisfaction with the church at a local level.

A positive and idealistic, though secular anticlericalism - a desire for laymen to be rid of the foreign authority of the Pope.

A positive and idealistic, though religious anticlericalism - desire to bring fundamental change to Christian life in England.

Lollardy - in the southwest of England, and opposed the emphasis in traditional religious on the saints.

93
Q

Below note is about Wolsey mediation:

A

Wolsey was able to mediate between the Duke of Suffolk + Henry after he married Henry’s sister, Mary without permission.

94
Q

Large numbers of churches and chapels built between 1490 and 1529 with significant donations provided by the public.

A

..

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