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Main diseases for each system > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms of UTI

A 
dysuria
urinary frequency
haematuria
urinary urgency
suprapubic pain/tenderness
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2
Q

investigations in UTI

A

urine dipstick
urine microscopy
urine culture and sensitivity

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3
Q

Treatment of UTI

A

oral antibiotic therapy

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4
Q

Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

increase in benign prostatic tissue and prostatic smooth muscle tone mediated by alpha adrenergic receptors

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5
Q

symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

storage symptoms
voiding symptoms
urinary retention

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6
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia investigations

A

urinalysis
PSA
US

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7
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment

A

non-bothersome; watchful waiting

Bothersome

  • alpha blocker
  • 5 alpha reductase inhibitor phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor
  • anticholinergic
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8
Q

symptoms of prostatic cancer

A

nocturia
urinary frequency
urinary hesitancy
dysuria

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9
Q

investigations for prostatic cancer

A

PSA
testosterone
LFTs
FBC

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10
Q

Treatment for prostatic cancer

A

observe if low risk
brachytherapy
external beam radiotherapy
radical prostatectomy ± lymph node

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11
Q

Describe bladder cancer

A

> 90% transitional

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12
Q

Bladder cancer symptoms

A

haematuria
dysuria
urinary frequency

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13
Q

Bladder cancer diagnosis

A 
urinalysis
urine cytology
Bladder and renal US
CT urogram
cystoscopy
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14
Q

bladder cancer treatment

A

transurethral resection
intravesical chemotherapy

If invasive
- cystectomy w/ pelvic lymph node dissection

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15
Q

Renal carcinoma symptoms

A

85% of renal cancers

asymptomatic 
haematuria
flank pain
signs of hepatic dysfunction
myoneuropathy
lower limb oedema
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16
Q

Renal carcinoma investigations

A 
FBC
LFTs
coagulation profile
creatinine
urinalysis
abdo/pelvic US
17
Q

treatment of renal carcinoma

A

Surgery

If non-surgical candidate; surveillance, local ablation i.e. radiofrequency ablation

18
Q

symptoms of kidney stones

A

acute, severe flank pain
nausea and vomiting
urinary frequency/urgency
haematuria

19
Q

diagnosis of kidney stones

A 
FBC
urinalysis
serum electrolytes 
urea and creatinine
CT scan
pregnancy test
US
20
Q

treatment of kidney stones

A

conservative management; analgesia (NSAIDs, IV paracetamol), antiemetics

<10mm = medical expulsive therapy i.e. alpha blocker tamsulosin

> 10mm = surgical

  • shockwave lithotripsy
  • ureteroscopy
21
Q

What are the types of glomerulonephritis?

A

proliferative (nephritic)

  • IgA nephropathy
  • post infectious
  • rapidly progressive

Non-proliferative (nephrotic)

  • minimal change
  • focal segmental
  • membranous
22
Q

What are nephritic symptoms?

A 
Haematuria
Red cell casts
Small amount proteinuria
mild hypertension
low urine vol <300ml/day
23
Q

What are nephrotic symptoms?

A 
proteinuria
frothy urine
hypoalbuminaemia
oedema
hyperlipidaemia
24
Q

Investigations of glomerulonephritis

A 
urinalysis
GFR
FBC
ESR 
CRP
albumin/creatinine ratio
US kidneys
25
Q

Treatment of glomerulonephritis

A

Underlying cause + supportive measures

ACEI or ARBs
w/nephrotic + prednisolone (± other immunosuppressant)

26
Q

Treatment of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

plasmapharesis + corticosteroid + immunosuppressant

27
Q

symptoms of acute kidney injury

A 
reduced urine production
vomiting
dizziness
nausea
thirst
flank pain
abdo distension
28
Q

Diagnosis of acute kidney injury

A

metabolic profile
urea creatinine
urinalysis
urine culture

29
Q

Treatment of AKI

A

volume expansion and/or RBC transfusion
vasopressor
diuretic
renal replacement therapy

if obstructive = bladder catheterisation

30
Q

symptoms of chronic kidney disease

A 
fatigue
oedema
nausea
vomiting
arthralgia
foamy urine
cola coloured urine
31
Q

Diagnosis chronic kidney disease

A 
serum creatinine
urinalysis
urine microalbumin
renal US
renal biopsy
32
Q

Treatment of CKD

A

Stages 1-2
- ACEI or ARB + statin

Stages 3-4
- ACEI or ARB + statin

Stages 1-4; second line non-dihydropyridine CCB

Stage 5

  • dialysis
  • kidney transplant

Main diseases for each system (12 decks)

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