IPT NAMES

Question 1

Markowitz & Wiessman (2004) - effectiveness

Answer 1

Has been proven effective for bulimia, depression, anxiety, social phobias and PTSD.
However, less so for substance abuse.

Question 2

Greggory (1999)

Answer 2

Particularly effective for adolescent depression and with the elderly. Perhaps due to the ‘role transition’ component

Question 3

APA

Answer 3

Recommened IPT as a treatment for mild depression, particularly if symptoms prevail over time,
Is also included in the NHS treatment schemes

Question 4

Klerrman & Weissman (1969)

Answer 4

Developed IPT ESPECIALLY for depression, as a control/placebo against medication in randomized controlled trials.
Found it to be comparably effective.

Question 5

Sullivan (1940/50s) - beliefs

Answer 5

The self was only the self in interpersonal context. Loneliness was the worst human experience. Satisfaction and fulfillment is only achieved within social contexts.

Question 6

Allan, Campos & Wimberley (2016) - structure of IPT

Answer 6

It is an unusual, amalgamtion of theories. A triad

Question 7

Bowlby (1969)

Answer 7

First hypothesized how attachment is an innate desire, is evolutionary beneficial (baby face hypothesis).
Forms the foundation for our future relationships (internal working model), continuity hypothesis

Question 8

Ainsworth (1973)

Answer 8

Strange situation - illustrated four main types of attachment
secure, insecure avoidant / ambivalent / disorganised

Question 9

Gardner (1972)

Answer 9

Highlighted that poor attachment not only leads to cognitive deficits, but physical development deficits (see Genie) - deprivation dwarfism

Question 10

Vygotsky (1978)

Answer 10

Suggests that learning and growing is also influenced by peers. There are other figures in children’s lives

Question 11

Fox (1982)

Answer 11

Found well-tempered babies were easy to bond with compared to difficult babies

Question 12

Kagan (1985)

Answer 12

Suggested that attachment depends on more than the caregiver, also depends on the child’s temperament. Attachment theory needs to be revised as a interactionist approach.
The client may be difficult, rather than having attachment problems

Question 13

Harlow & Harlow (1958)

Answer 13

Monkeys with poor attachments had social problems, were overly needy, and poor parents themselves (Bowlbys continuity hypothesis holds)

Question 14

Hodges & Tizard (1989)

Answer 14

Replicated (kinda) Harlow’s findings. Ex-institutionalised children were overly dependent, attention seeking and difficult.
Also found ex-institionalised women were more likely to have children in care themselves.

Question 15

Ellis (2013)

Answer 15

Women whose mothers had died before their 17th birthday were two times more likely to be depressed. Attachment disruption also affects mental health

Question 16

Hammen, 1995

Answer 16

Large US sample studies found a link between dysfunctional attachment styles and psychological disorders.
In particular, fear of abandonment and individual vulnerability predicted depressive symtptoms. Most of the women faced ‘role transitions’, such as family conflict of leaving school, but most not become depressed.

Question 17

Lee (2004) (2)

Answer 17

1. Other attachment figures are important for development. E.g., Peers (children are often more like their peers - as Vygotsky’s theory contests). E.g., children of immigrants often maintain the values of their friends rather than their parents in their new country.
2. Attachment is more than reunion and seperation. Cannot be defined by these two factors alone.

IPT uses more than just the primary caregiver interaction, relies on all types of interpersonal relationships

Question 18

Tronick (1992)

Answer 18

Did find that children had one primary caregiver, Efe tribe breastfed by many women but should preference for their mother.

Question 19

Stuart (2006)

Answer 19

Maladaptive attachments create and endorse maladaptive communication styles, which propel maladaptive relationships. This is cyclical.

Question 20

Elvins and Green (2007)

Answer 20

Therapeutic Alliance:
An important model to understand the clients communication style (although in a therapeutic setting they may try and present their best self).
E.g., overly needy, overly demanding
The relationships itself is important (therapist must help them communicate better, be empathetic.)
Both child and adult studies have found that the therapeutic alliance is a key determinant of outcome success.

Question 21

Baren Cohen (2004)

Answer 21

Empathy is key to m

Question 22

Baren Cohen (2004)

Answer 22

Empathy is key to creating and maintaining rapport and trust. If a person lacks this, they may be difficult to communicate with etc

Question 23

Baren Cohen (2004)

Answer 23

Empathy is key to creating and maintaining rapport and trust. If a person lacks this, they may be difficult to communicate with etc
Depression leads to a weakened ability to recognise and appreciate other peoples emotions. Plus, heightened social anxiety, fear of rejection and lethargy contribute to poor social communication. Hence why the patient is given a ‘sick role’ label, to pyschoEDUCATE them as to why they are performing this way (Stuart & Robertson, 2003)

Question 24

Ferri et al

Answer 24

Communication styles have been linked to relationship satisfaction

Question 25

Bos et al (2007)

Answer 25

Bad communication skills maintains depressive symptoms

Question 26

Jesus Mari et al (2005)

Answer 26

Communicative therapies have been cited as the most effective

Question 27

Freud (1912)

Answer 27

Transference

Countertransference

Question 28

Hunt (2017)

Answer 28

Suicide is the single biggest killer of men under 45. Discussion has attributed the gender expectations for men to not express themsevles as one of the factors why this has occured, it has subsequently been labelled the ‘silent epidemic’.

Question 29

Tucker

Answer 29

Body language communication is different depending on cultures. Hispanic = friendly, touchy, West = prefer to be arms length, Asian = eye contact is thought of as rude.

Question 30

Carter, Muncer & Campbell (2014)

Answer 30

Communication may be independent of attachment styles. E.g., the person may be dispositionally inclined to behave in a certain way. E.g. dark personalities (M, P, N) in the context of romantic interpersonal contexts use more exploitative sexual behaviour, have more illegitamte children and more sexual partners.

Question 31

Hall (2005)

Answer 31

Communication style may also differ depending on culture. E.g., in Western (individualistic cultures) saying NO is okay, it is valued to be open and honest. Whereas in asian cultures, saying NO is considered impolite (disrupts the social harmony - collectivist)

Question 32

Bolten (2013)

Answer 32

Uganda study - had to adjust the format of IPT as in their culture, discussing the dead is frowned upon. Communiication style was different

Question 33

Hart & Risley (2003)

Answer 33

Found a 30 million word gap between UC and LC. Class may determine the clients ability to communicate

Question 34

Stuart and Robertson 2003 (social theory)

Answer 34

Social theory believes that social groups influence mental health and wellbeing

Question 35

Dingle et al., 2013

Answer 35

Two cohorts - one psychiatric counselling, second, either a club. Those who did not feel like they ‘belonged’ were 50 % more likely to develop depression afterwards. However, only a third of those who felt they were members of their group met the criteria for depression afterwards
Social group membership predicted depressin 2 and 4 years later

Question 36

Cryuws (2013) and follow up

Answer 36

4000 people over the age of 50 were examined in a longitudinal study. They had a mix of depressive symptoms (some had none, some were depressed).
Regardless of baseline group membership, those who joined even just one group were less likely to exhibit depressive symptoms 5/6 years later.
Social group membership predicted psychological wellbeing.
FOLLOW UP:
Longitudinal study in NZ studying 21,000 adults to debunk whether psychological distress causes depression or the other way around. They found that yes they are both determinants of the other, but in fact, social isolation was 3x more influential than psychological distress

Question 37

Crryuws (2015)

Answer 37

Longitudinal study in NZ studying 21,000 adults to debunk whether psychological distress causes depression or the other way around. They found that yes they are both determinants of the other, but in fact, social isolation was 3x more influential than psychological distress

Question 38

Li (2016)

Answer 38

Highly intelligent people show lower life satisfaction after socialising with their friends. Subjective what social networks people desire.
Has been linked to evolutionary psychology, in that intelligence is good as it allows people to solve problems without aid. May also be why intelligent people move to cities (higher average IQ). Because although they are social hubs, often cities are actually isolating and alienating, but highly intelligent people prefer this and are not as affected.

Question 39

Crryuws (2015)

Answer 39

Primed people with social group membership. Asked people to write about either no, one or three social groups they belonged to and then complete an impossible task.
Those who belonged to no groups were more likely to attribute their failure in an internal, global and stable manner. This is a depressive attributional style.

Question 40

Li (2016)

Answer 40

Highly intelligent people show lower life satisfaction after socialising with their friends. Subjective what social networks people desire.
Has been linked to evolutionary psychology, in that intelligence is good as it allows people to solve problems without aid. May also be why intelligent people move to cities (higher average IQ). Because although they are social hubs, often cities are actually isolating and alienating, but highly intelligent people prefer this and are not as affected.
Also.. highlights how people can have few friends and not be lonely. Same other way around, can have many freinds and feel lonely.

Question 41

Lee (2004)

Answer 41

Cultural differences.
Asian Americans rely on social networks much less than African American people.
American Fillipinos were protected from raced based discrimination by social group identification.

Question 42

Tajfel and Turner (1979)

Answer 42

Social identity theory
De-evaluate out-group behaviour and values. Must belong to groups to feel the benefit, cannot just associate to them (e.g., doing group activities may be a chore, one must feel a sense of membership)

Question 43

Barker and Brueur (2015)

Answer 43

Investigated online support therapy. Over a 10 week period they found benefits of ‘normalization fo depression’ but little else. Found there were multiple barriers to its effectiveness. Including fear of judgement, fear of rejection and causing harm.
It is clear the depression effects social functioning, and as Sullivan said - relationships must be genuine, deep, sensitive and responsive.