Unit 14: Part 2

Question 1

Social facilitation

Answer 1

Improved performance in simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Question 2

Social loafing

Answer 2

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Question 3

Deindividuation

Answer 3

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 4

Group polarization

Answer 4

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclination through discussion within the group

Question 5

Groupthink

Answer 5

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 6

Culture

Answer 6

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 7

Prejudice

Answer 7

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members including negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs, and predisposition to discrimination

Question 8

Stereotype

Answer 8

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Question 9

Discrimination

Answer 9

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Question 10

Just-world phenomenon

Answer 10

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 11

Ingroup

Answer 11

“Us”-people with whom we share a common identity

Question 12

Outgroup

Answer 12

“Them”-those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Question 13

Ingroup bias

Answer 13

The tendency to favor our own group

Question 14

Scapegoat theory

Answer 14

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 15

Other-race effect

Answer 15

The tendency to recall faces of one’s own face more accurately than faces of other races

Question 16

Aggression

Answer 16

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Question 17

Frustration-aggression principle

Answer 17

The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression

Question 18

Social script

Answer 18

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Question 19

Mere exposure effect

Answer 19

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 20

Passionate love

Answer 20

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

Question 21

Companionate love

Answer 21

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Question 22

Equity

Answer 22

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give

Question 23

Self-disclosure

Answer 23

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

Question 24

Altruism (John Darley & Bibb Latané)

Answer 24

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 25

Bystander effect

Answer 25

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 26

Social exchange theory

Answer 26

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 27

Reciprocity norm

Answer 27

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 28

Social-responsibility norm

Answer 28

An expectation that people will help those needing help

Question 29

Conflict

Answer 29

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Question 30

Social trap

Answer 30

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 31

Mirror-image perceptions

Answer 31

Mutual views after held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Question 32

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 32

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Question 33

Superordinate goals

Answer 33

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Question 34

GRIT

Answer 34

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions