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Medicine 1 > 2. Intro to cells, tissues and organs > Flashcards

2. Intro to cells, tissues and organs Flashcards

1
Q

structure of a typical cell:

membrane bound organelles

A 
vesicle 
golgi 
mitochondrion
SER
RER
peroxisome
lysosome
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2
Q

structure of a typical cell:

cytoskeleton

A

actin filaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
centriole

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3
Q

structure of a typical cell:

nucleus

A

nuclear membrane
nucleus
nucleolus

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4
Q

structure of a typical cell:

cell surface specialisation

A 
cell membrane 
surface projections 
surface pit 
anchoring junction 
cell surface folds
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5
Q

cells are

A

fundamental units of life capable of independent existence

fundamentally similar in nature

units of structures as well as activity

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6
Q

cells arise by

A

division of existing cells

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7
Q

cells can

A

transform into structures lacking in cellular features (modified cells, cell products)

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8
Q

cells may

A

vary according to functional dictates (division of function/ labour)

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9
Q

in multicellular organisms

A

cells are organised into tissues, organs and systems

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10
Q

properties of prokaryotes

A
  • bacteria, mycoplasmas, blue-green algae
    0. 1-5 nanometre - allows ions and organic molecules that enter them to quickly spread to other parts of cell
no nucleoli 
no nuclear envelope 
no histones 
few intracellular membranes 
60-70s ribosomes
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11
Q

properties of eukaroytes

A

other algae, fungi, protozoa, multicellular plants and animals

10-100 nanometres- complex organelles and cytoskeleton

prominent nuclear envelope 
nucleoli 
DNA complexed with histones 
many membrane bound organelles 
70-80s ribosomes
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12
Q

what are viruses

A

parasites which lack characteristics so cannot put into classification scheme

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13
Q

Tissue- define

A

cellular and extracellular matrix (often fibrous) elements in which one or more types of cell or fibre usually predominates to form the material basis of one of the functional systems of the body

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14
Q

embryology define

A

study of development of fertilised ovum into tissues and organs of the body

The cleavage (cell division) of fertilised ovum transforms it into ball of loosely packed cells- rearrange to form 3 primary germ layers

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15
Q

3 primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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16
Q

histogenesis

A

formation of main tissues by cell proliferation and specialisation

17
Q

organogensis

A

tissues interact together to form organs

18
Q

cell differentiation

A

stable changes of cellular properties which progressively concentrate the activities and structure of the cell, in particular directions at the expense of others

cell proliferation and growth accompanied by cell specialisation

19
Q

cell differentiation vs modulation

A

modulation describes minor and reversible changes in cell behaviour

20
Q

the basis of cell specialisation is

A

differential gene expression

21
Q

main process of cell differentiation

A

gene activation/ repression

22
Q

ectoderm (6)

A 
nervous tissue
lens
skin- epidermis 
linings of oral, nasal, vaginal and anal cavities 
pituitary gland 
adrenal medulla
23
Q

mesoderm (7)

A 
muscle 
connective tissue 
skin- dermis 
blood vessels and lymphatics
internal reproductive organs 
kidneys and ureters 
adrenal cortex
24
Q

endoderm

A

epithelium of pharynx, auditory tubes, tonsils, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus, larynx, trachea, lungs, digestive tract, bladder, urethra and vagina

liver and pancreas

25
Q

Four primary tissues of the body

A
  1. epithelia: sheets of closely packed cells derived from one of three germ layers, cover/ line surface of organ
  2. connective tissue (support tissue): derived from mesoderm, cells produce EC fibres and an amorphous ground substance
  3. muscular tissues: large cells, cytoplasm contains filaments made of contractile proteins
  4. nervous tissues: from neuro-ectoderm
26
Q

systems of the body

A 
respiratory 
circulatory 
digestive (alimentary) 
reproductive 
nervous
27
Q

lysosomal system: lysosome

A

LYSOSOME: membrane bound vesicle containing digestive enzymes
destroys material from outside within cell
produced from ER and Golgi
destructive enzymes separated from rest of cell by specialised membrane

28
Q

lysosomal system: peroxisome

A

special type of lysosome contains catalase

coverts toxic hydrogen peroxide to water

29
Q

lysosomal system: proteosome

A

degrades ubiquitinated proteins

Medicine 1 (53 decks)

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