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Biology > Biology: Prokaryotes(23) > Flashcards

Biology: Prokaryotes(23) Flashcards

0
Q

Domain Archaea–>Kingdom Archaeabacteria

A
  • cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
    • made up of different amino acids than bacteria
  • cell membrane composed of different lipids than bacteria
  • possess introns like in Eukarya
    • more closely related to Eukarya than bacteria
  • live in extreme environments
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1
Q

Prokaryote

A
  • unicellular microbes lacking membrane-bound organelles

- evolved 3.5 billion years ago

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2
Q

methanogens

A
  • obligate anaerobes (cannot be anything other than an anaerobe)
  • metabolism: 4H2 + CO2 –> CH4 + 2H2O
  • habitats
    • freshwater, marine and swamp mud, sewage, intestinal tracts
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3
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A
  • thrive in high heat (temp > 100 C) and high acidity (pH < 2)
  • habitats
    • hot springs, volcanic vents, deep-sea hydrothermal vents
  • around “black smokers”
    • provide energy for some worms, bivalves, and crustaceans
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4
Q

Halophiles

A
  • favor high-salinity environments
  • habitats
    • Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake
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5
Q

Domain Bacteria–> Kingdom Eubacteria

A
  • many shapes and sizes
    • bacillus= rod-shaped
    • coccus= spherical
      • streptococci- colony in chain
      • staphylococci- colony in cluster
    • spirilla= spiral
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6
Q

Gram-stain

A
  • useful for seeing if a bacterium is gram-positive or gram-negative
  • gram-positive–> has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
  • gram-negative–> has a less thick layer of peptidoglycan
    Gram-positive stain–> purple
    Gram-negative stain–> pink
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7
Q

How are gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria different?

A
  • different susceptibility to antibiotics and disinfectants

- produce different toxins

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8
Q

capsule

A
  • protects the cell and helps the cell attach to other cells and surfaces
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9
Q

cell wall

A
  • protects the cell and gives the cell its shape
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10
Q

cell membrane

A
  • regulates the types of molecules that move into and out of a cell
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11
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • contains DNA, ribosomes, and organic compounds that are needed for life
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12
Q

chromosome

A
  • carries genetic info from one generation to the next
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13
Q

plasmid

A
  • carries genes that are transferred through genetic recombination
  • small circular DNA loop
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14
Q

endospore

A
  • contains DNA
  • thick-coated, resistant structure
  • forms when environmental conditions are harsh
    • endospore can survive through harsh conditions
    • resist high temps, strong chemicals, radiation, drying
  • returns to normal cell when conditions are good again
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15
Q

pilus

A
  • short, hair-like protein structures
  • help bacteria connect to one another and to surfaces
  • can serve as a bridge to pass genetic info b/w bacteria
16
Q

flagella

A
  • propels cell by rotating in a whip-like motion
17
Q

outer membrane

A
  • only present in some gram-negative bacteria

- can protect the cell against antibiotics

18
Q

Reproduction

A
  • asexual by binary fission
    • specialized cell division that follows replication of genes
      1) DNA in prokaryote is copied
      2) cell begins to divide
      3) cell completely divide
      4) two identical daughter cells result
19
Q

Nutritional modes

A 
Heterotroph
- Photoheterotroph
- Chemoheterotroph
Autotroph
- photoautotroph
- chemoautotroph
20
Q

Photoheterotroph

A
  • absorbs light energy through clorophyll

- can get carbon from other organisms

21
Q

chemoheterotroph

A
  • obtains both energy and carbon from other organisms
22
Q

photoautotroph

A
  • uses light energy and gets carbon from CO2
23
Q

chemoautotroph

A
  • extracts energy from inorganic compounds and uses CO2 as a carbon source
24
Q

Proteobacteria

A
  • soil bacteria (Rhizobium) that contribute to the nitrogen cycle via nitrogen-fixation
  • pathogens that cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ulcers, and food poisoning (Salmonella, E. coli)
  • enteric bacteria (E. coli) that provide vitamin K and assist digestive enzymes
25
Q

Gram-positive Bacteria

A
  • Diverse Group
    • Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
    • Lactobacillus (dairy)
    • Clostridium botulinim (botulism, botox)
    • streptococcus (strep throat)
  • actinomycetes
    • form branching filaments
    • includes soil bacteria that produce antibiotics and Mycobacteria that cause TB and leprosy
26
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • possess phycocyanin and phycoerythrin for photosynthesis

- first O2 producers on earth

27
Q

spirochetes

A
  • gram-negative
  • corkscrew-like motion
  • cause syphilis and Lyme disease
28
Q

Chlamydias

A
  • gram-negative
  • coccoid animal pathogens
  • lack peptidoglycan
29
Q

pathology

A

study of disease

30
Q

pathogens

A

bacteria that cause disease

31
Q

Toxins

A
  • produced by bacteria
  • contribute to symptoms
  • exotoxins
    • gram-positive
    • protein-based
    • tetanus
  • endotoxins
    • gram-negative
    • lipid and carb based
    • E. coli
32
Q

antibiotics

A

Drugs that combat bacteria

  • penicillin
    • blocks cell wall synthesis
  • tetracycline
    • blocks protein synthesis
  • Bacteria become resistant by transformation of R plasmid
33
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A
  • if there is a mutation in a bacterium, the bacterium could become resistant to an antibiotic
    1) genes in a bacterium will mutate
    2) if antibiotic is absent, the few mutant cells grow more slowly than normal cells do and they die
    3) normal cells take over the population
    4) if antibiotic is present, the mutant cells that are resistant to the antibiotic survive and reproduce
    5) resistant cells take over the population
34
Q

Useful Bacteria

A
  • sewage treatment
    • breakdown of organic compounds
  • producing and processing food
    • ferments lactose in sour milk products
  • fuels
    • petroleum recovery
  • insecticide
    • production
  • cleanup
    • of chemical and oil spills

Biology (6 decks)

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