Part 1, Section 4 - ARRIVAL AND APPROACH PROCEDURES Flashcards

1
Q

5 approach segments:

A

They are the arrival, initial, intermediate, final and missed approach segments

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2
Q

In the case of non-precision approaches, a straight-in approach is considered acceptable if the angle between the final approach track and the runway centre line is ___ or less.

A

In the case of non-precision approaches, a straight-in approach is considered acceptable if the angle between the final approach track and the runway centre line is 30° or less.

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3
Q

Category A is less than _____ indicated airspeed (IAS)

A

Category A is less than 169 km/h (91 kt) indicated airspeed (IAS)

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4
Q

What is a Continuous descent final approach (CDFA)

A

This technique requires a continuous descent, flown either with VNAV guidance calculated by on-board equipment or based on manual calculation of the required rate of descent, without level-offs. The rate of descent is selected and adjusted to achieve a continuous descent to a point approximately 15 m (50 ft) above the landing runway threshold or the point where the flare manoeuvre should begin for the type of aircraft flown. The descent shall be calculated and flown to pass at or above the minimum altitude at any stepdown fix

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5
Q

It should be emphasized that upon approaching the MDA/H only two options exist for the crew: _____ & _____

A

Continue the descent below MDA/H to land with the required visual references in sight; or, execute a missed approach.

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6
Q

What is a Constant angle descent

A

The technique involves achieving a constant, unbroken angle from the final approach fix (FAF), to a reference datum above the runway threshold, e.g. 15 m (50 ft). When the aircraft approaches the MDA/H, a decision shall be made to either continue on the constant angle or level off at or above the MDA/H, depending on visual conditions.

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7
Q

What is a Stepdown descent

A

The technique involves an expeditious descent and is described as “descend immediately to not below the minimum stepdown fix altitude/height or MDA/H, as appropriate”. This technique is acceptable as long as the achieved descent gradient remains less than 15 per cent and the missed approach is initiated at or before the MAPt. Careful attention to altitude control is required with this technique due to the high rates of descent before reaching the MDA/H and, thereafter, because of the increased time of exposure to obstacles at the minimum descent altitude.

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8
Q

The minimum/optimum descent gradient/angle in the final approach of a procedure with _____. Where a steeper descent gradient is necessary, the maximum permissible is _____

A

The minimum/optimum descent gradient/angle in the final approach of a procedure with FAF is 5.2 per cent/3.0° (52 m/km (318 ft/NM)). Where a steeper descent gradient is necessary, the maximum permissible is 6.5 per cent/3.7° (65 m/km (395 ft/NM))​

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9
Q

Speed for initial approach Cat A:

A

90kts-150kts

(110kts For racetrack procedure)

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10
Q

Speeds for Final approach segment Cat A:

A

70kts - 100kts

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11
Q

Max speed for visual maneuvering Cat A

A

100 kts

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12
Q

Maximum speed for Initial missed approach segment Cat A

A

100 kts

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13
Q

Maximum speed for final missed approach segment Cat A:

A

110 kts

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14
Q

MSA

Minimum sector altitudes or terminal arrival altitudes are established for each aerodrome and provide at least _____ obstacle clearance within _____ of the significant point

A

Minimum sector altitudes or terminal arrival altitudes are established for each aerodrome and provide at least 300 m (1 000 ft) obstacle clearance within 46 km (25 NM) of the significant point

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15
Q

The initial approach segment begins at the _____ and ends at the _____

A

The initial approach segment begins at the initial approach fix (IAF) and ends at the intermediate fix (IF)

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16
Q

The initial approach segment provides at least _____ of obstacle clearance in the primary area, reducing laterally to zero at the outer edge of the secondary area.

A

The initial approach segment provides at least 300 m (1 000 ft) of obstacle clearance in the primary area, reducing laterally to zero at the outer edge of the secondary area.

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17
Q

45°/180° procedure turn, starts at a facility or fix and consists of:

A

1) a straight leg with track guidance. This straight leg may be timed or may be limited by a radial or DME distance;
2) a 45° turn;

3) a straight leg without track guidance. This straight leg is timed. It is:
i) 1 minute from the start of the turn for Category A and B aircraft; and
ii) 1 minute 15 seconds from the start of the turn for Category C, D and E aircraft; and

4) a 180° turn in the opposite direction to intercept the inbound track.

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18
Q

80°/260° procedure turn, starts at a facility or fix and consists of:

A

1) a straight leg with track guidance. This straight leg may be timed or may be limited by a radial or DME distance;
2) an 80° turn;
3) a 260° turn in the opposite direction to intercept the inbound track.

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19
Q

Base turn consists of:

A

1) a specified outbound track and timing or DME distance from a facility; followed by
2) a turn to intercept the inbound track (see Figure I-4-3-1 C).

The outbound track and/or the timing may be different for the various categories of aircraft. Where this is done, separate procedures are published.

20
Q

A racetrack procedure consists of:

A

a) a turn from the inbound track through 180° from overhead the facility or fix on to the outbound track, for 1, 2 or

3 minutes; followed by

b) a 180° turn in the same direction to return to the inbound track.

21
Q

Entry into a racetrack procedure:

Offset

A

Offset entry shall limit the time on the 30° offset track to 1 min 30 s, after which the pilot is expected to turn to a heading parallel to the outbound track for the remainder of the outbound time. If the outbound time is only 1 min, the time on the 30° offset track shall be 1 min also;

22
Q

Entry into a racetrack procedure:

Parallel

A

parallel entry shall not return directly to the facility without first intercepting the inbound track when proceeding to the final segment of the approach procedure; and all manoeuvring shall be done in so far as possible on the manoeuvring side of the inbound track.

23
Q

Unless the procedure specifies particular entry restrictions, reversal procedures shall be entered from a track within ±_____° of the outbound track of the reversal procedure. However, for base turns, where the ±_____° direct entry sector does not include the reciprocal of the inbound track, the entry sector is expanded to include it.

A

Unless the procedure specifies particular entry restrictions, reversal procedures shall be entered from a track within ±30° of the outbound track of the reversal procedure. However, for base turns, where the ±30° direct entry sector does not include the reciprocal of the inbound track, the entry sector is expanded to include it.

24
Q

Procedures are based on average achieved bank angle of ____, or the bank angle giving a rate of turn of _____/second, whichever is less.

A

Procedures are based on average achieved bank angle of 25°, or the bank angle giving a rate of turn of 3°/second, whichever is less.

25
Q

An aircraft is considered established when it is:

A
  • Within half full scale deflection for the ILS and VOR; or
  • Within ±5° of the required bearing for the NDB.
26
Q

Racetrack timing ourbound when the procedure is based on a facility, the outbound timing starts:

A

a) from abeam the facility; or
b) on attaining the outbound heading,

whichever comes later.

27
Q

When the Racetrack procedure is based on a fix, the outbound timing starts from:

A

Attaining the outbound heading.

28
Q

The turn on to the inbound track in a Racetrack procedure should be started:

A

a) within the specified time (adjusted for wind); or
b) when encountering any DME distance; or
c) when the radial/bearing specifying a limiting distance has been reached,

whichever occurs first.

29
Q

To achieve a stabilized approach, due allowance should be made in both _____ and _____ to compensate for the effects of wind so that the aircraft regains the inbound track as accurately and expeditiously as possible.

A

To achieve a stabilized approach, due allowance should be made in both heading and timing to compensate for the effects of wind so that the aircraft regains the inbound track as accurately and expeditiously as possible.

30
Q

During the intermediate approach, the obstacle clearance requirement reduces from _____ to _____ inthe primary area, reducing laterally _____ at the outer edge of the secondary area.

A

During the intermediate approach, the obstacle clearance requirement reduces from 300 m (984 ft) to 150 m (492 ft) inthe primary area, reducing laterally to zero at the outer edge of the secondary area.

31
Q

Where a final approach fix (FAF) is available, the intermediate approach segment begins when the aircraft is on the _____ of the procedure turn, _____ of the racetrack procedure. It ends at the _____, as applicable.

A

Where a final approach fix (FAF) is available, the intermediate approach segment begins when the aircraft is on the inbound track of the procedure turn, base turn or final inbound leg of the racetrack procedure. It ends at the FAF or final approach point (FAP), as applicable.

32
Q

Where no FAF is specified, the _____ is the final approach segment.

A

Where no FAF is specified, the inbound track is the final approach segment.

33
Q

Types of final approach

A

a) Non-precision approach (NPA) with final approach fix (FAF);
b) NPA without FAF;
c) Approach with vertical guidance (APV); and
d) Precision approach (PA).

34
Q

When obstacles are close to final approach or stepdown fixes, they are discounted for Category A aircraft if they lie below a _____ plane relative to the earliest point defined by the fix tolerance area and MOC.

A

When obstacles are close to final approach or stepdown fixes, they are discounted for Category A aircraft if they liebelow a 15 per cent plane relative to the earliest point defined by the fix tolerance area and MOC.

35
Q

Aircraft is considered established on a LOC when:

A

When within half scale deflection

36
Q

Aircraft is considered established on a Glide Slope when:

A

Within half scale fly up and full scale fly down deflection

37
Q

Aircraft is considered established on a NPA when:

A

Within +/- 5 degrees from desired course

38
Q

The 3 missed approach segments are:

A

Initial segment

Intermediate segment

Final segment

39
Q

The missed approach should be initiated not lower than _____ in precision approach procedures, or at a specified point in non-precision approach procedures not lower than _____

A

The missed approach should be initiated not lower than the decision altitude/height (DA/H) in precision approach procedures, or at a specified point in non-precision approach procedures not lower than the minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H).

40
Q

Missed approach climb gradient:

A

Normally procedures are based on a minimum missed approach climb gradient of 2.5 per cent.

41
Q

The missed approach initial phase begins at the _____ and ends at the _____.

A

The missed approach initial phase begins at the MAPt and ends at the start of climb (SOC).

42
Q

The missed approach intermediate phase begins at the _____. The climb is continued, normally straight ahead. It extends to the first point where _____ obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained

A

The missed approach intermediate phase begins at the SOC. The climb is continued, normally straight ahead. It extends to the first point where 50 m (164 ft) obstacle clearance is obtained and can be maintained

43
Q

Missed approach phases standard depiction

A
44
Q

Circling procedures are _____ to helicopters.

A

Circling procedures are not applicable to helicopters.

45
Q

During circling descent below MDA/H should not be made until:

A

a) visual reference has been established and can be maintained;
b) the pilot has the landing threshold in sight; and
c) the required obstacle clearance can be maintained and the aircraft is in a position to carry out a landing.

46
Q

If visual reference is lost while circling to land from an instrument approach, the missed approach specified for _____ shall be followed.

A

If visual reference is lost while circling to land from an instrument approach, the missed approach specified for that particular procedure shall be followed.

47
Q

(How Many) _____ missed approach procedure is published for each approach procedure.

A

Only one missed approach procedure is published for each approach procedure.