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Phase 1: weeks 1-5 > Anatomy (prosection) > Flashcards

Anatomy (prosection) Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the difference between the ventral and dorsal direction?

A

Ventral: belly side
Dorsal: the back

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2
Q

Proximal vs distal?

A

Proximal: close to the centre
Distal: away from the centre

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3
Q

what are the dorsal and palmar side of the hand?

A

Dorsal: back of hand
Palmar: palm of hand

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4
Q

what are the dorsal and palmar side of the foot?

A

Dorsal: top of foot
Palmar: sole of foot

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5
Q

when looking at an MRI/CT scan, what direction is the body viewed at?

A

From the bottom (feet upwards)

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6
Q

how do hip and knee flexion differ?

A

hip flexion: leg goes to the front

knee flexion: foot to the bum

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7
Q

what vertebrae is named the axis?

A

C2

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8
Q

where is the odontoid peg found and what is it?

A

Process of the C2 (axis)

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9
Q

how does C1 differ from all other vertebrae?

A

Does not have a body

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10
Q

Where’re are the occipital condyles found?

A

at base of skull, where it rests

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11
Q

what are the divisions of the vertebral column?

A 
Cervical: C1-7
Thoracic: T1-12
Lumbar: L1-5
Sacrum (S1-5)
Coccyx
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12
Q

which never lies posterior to the medial epicondyle and is vulnerable to injury?

A

Ulnar nerve

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13
Q

what bone is the medial malleus part of?

A

Tibia

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14
Q

which metatarsal does the intermediate cuneiform articulate with?

A

2nd

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15
Q

List the bones of the skull

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, mandible, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid

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16
Q

how many pelvic joints are there? what are they?

A

4: symphysis pubis, 2 sacroiliac, sacrococcygeal

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17
Q

Of the pelvic joints, which ones are synovial and cartilaginous?

A

Sacroiliac = synovial

sacrococcygeal + symphysis pubis = cartilaginous

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18
Q

what is ossification?

A

fusion of bones

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19
Q

what is a sesamoid bone?

A

bone that is incorporated into a tendon

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20
Q

what attaches to the patellar tendon proximally and distally?

A

Proximal: quadriceps muscle
Distal: tibial tuberosity

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21
Q

what is the specific function of the ACL?

A

prevent the tibia sliding anterior to the femur

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22
Q

what muscle contracts for leg extension?

A

quadriceps

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23
Q

what muscle contracts for leg flexion?

A

hamstring muscle

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24
Q

what is the action of the infraspinatus on the humerus ?

A

stabilises humerus and lateral rotation of the arm

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25
Q

what is the action of the supraspinatus on the humerus ?

A

adduction of the arm, stabilises humerus

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26
Q

what makes the rectus abdominis strong?

A

consist of separate muscle separated by intersections

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27
Q

what makes the pectoralis major enable a wide range of movement?

A

it has 2 heads

28
Q

what bony structure limits hyperextension of the elbow?

A

olecranon process of the ulna

29
Q

what is the function of the intercalated disc in cardiac cells? CHECK PN

A

Synchronised contraction of cardiac tissue and allows waves of depolarisation

30
Q

where is the moderator band found and what is its function?

A

found in right ventricular apex

path of conduction from right bundle branch to anterior papillary muscle

31
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

cavity behind the nose and mouth, leading to the oesophagus and larynx

32
Q

what re the main components of the pharynx ?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

33
Q

which parts of the pharynx does food pass through?

A

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

34
Q

how does the pharynx terminate inferiorly?

A

connects to the oesophagus

35
Q

what are the 3 main layers of the aorta? what are they made of?

A

Tunica intima: simple squamous epithelium, supported by a layer of collagenous tissue rich in elastin
Tunica media: smooth muscle - thickest layer
Tunica externa: thick connective layer + collagen + elastin

36
Q

what clinical procedure is performed on the trachea to help patient breathe?

A

Tracheostomy

37
Q

what type of epithelium does the oesophagus have?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

38
Q

list the layers of the oesophagus

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propria
tunica adventitia

39
Q

what muscle does the oesophagus pierce to gain access to the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

40
Q

how is reflux prevented?

A

lower oesophageal sphincter

41
Q

Draw the divisions of the abdominal region

A 
Left hypochondrium
Epigastric region
Right hypochondrium 
Left lumbar region
Umbilical region
Right lumbar region
Left iliac region
Hypogastric region
Right iliac region
42
Q

what abdominal region does the stomach lie in ?

A

left hypochondrium and can extend into epigastric region

43
Q

what branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the stomach?

A

celiac artery

44
Q

what is unusual about the layers of the stomach wall?

A

Has an extra muscular layer (oblique - which is innermost)

45
Q

what is the function of the mucus neck cells and what is its function?

A

Mucus - protects epithelial lining from Hcl

46
Q

what is the function of the chief cells and what is its function?

A

secrete pepsinogen - this is converted to pepsin by stomach acid

47
Q

what is the function of parietal cells and what is its function?

A

HCl - denatures proteins and actives pepsinogens

48
Q

what is the function of endocrine cells and what is its function?

A

Gastrin - stimulates pepsinogen and Hal production and enhances gut motility

49
Q

what secretions enter the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla?

A

pancreatic secretions and bile

50
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A

Exocrine secretions - pancreatic juice (pancreatic enzymes: exopeptidase + endopeptidases, and bicarbonate)
Endocrine secretions - insulin + glucose + somatostatin

51
Q

what do the endocrine and exocrine secretions of the pancreas do?

A

Exocrine: break down peptides
Endocrine: primarily regulate blood glucose

52
Q

how many lobes does the liver have? what are they called?

A

4

Left, right, caudate, quadrate

53
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A

metabolism
Producing blood clotting factors
produces bile
protein synthesis (albumin)

54
Q

what abdominal region is the spleen found in?

A

left hypochondrium

55
Q

what is the arterial supply to the spleen and why is it so tortuous ?

A

Splenic artery

slows down blood supply to make for smoother and prevent spleen from rupturing

56
Q

how do the large and small intestine differ?

A

large intestine contains fatty tags (omental appendices), haustra (small pouches caused by sacculation) and taeni coli (longitudinal bands of muscle)

57
Q

what are the different components of the large intestine?

A

Caecum, appendix, ascending, transerve, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

58
Q

what are some of the functions of the large intestine?

A

Recovery of water and electrolytes
formation and storage of faeces
fermentation of indigestible food matter by bacteria

59
Q

what type of epithelium is found in small intestine ?

A

simple columnar

60
Q

what is a lacteal?

A

lymphatic capillary/vessel of the small intestine that absorbs dietary fats

61
Q

what type of epithelium is found in large intestine ?

A

simple columnar epithelium

62
Q

where are Brunner’s glands found? what do they do?

A

in submucosa in duodenum

they secrete alkaline mucus

63
Q

how does epithelium change from rectum to anus?

A

Rectum: simple columnar
Anus: stratified squamous

64
Q

what name is given to the region that forms the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

islet of langerhans

65
Q

function of gall bladder?

A

stores and concentrates bile

66
Q

blood supply to the gall bladder?

A

cystic artery

67
Q

what are gall stones?

A

crystallised masses that contain abundant cholesterol, pigment or a mixture of both

Phase 1: weeks 1-5 (23 decks)

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