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Biology > Topic 4- Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Topic 4- Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

what does photosynthesis produce using light?

A

glucose.

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2
Q

what does photosynthesis use energy to change?

A

it uses energy to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

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3
Q

where does photosynthesis take place?

A

in chloroplasts in plant cells.

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4
Q

what does chloroplasts contain?

A

it contains chlorophyll that absorbs light.

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5
Q

what is transferred to the chloroplasts from the environment by light?

A

energy.

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6
Q

what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

endothermic meaning that energy is transferred from the the environment during the reaction.

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7
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water —> (light) —> glucose + water.

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8
Q

what is the chemical symbol for carbon dioxide?

A

CO 2.

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9
Q

what is the chemical symbol for water?

A

H 2 O.

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10
Q

what is the chemical symbol for glucose?

A

C 6 H 12 O 6.

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11
Q

what is the chemical symbol for oxygen?

A

O 2.

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12
Q

why do plants use glucose?

A
  • for respiration.
  • for making cell walls.
  • for making amino acids.
  • stored as oils and fats.
  • stored as starch.
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13
Q

why do plants use glucose for respiration?

A

it transfers energy from glucose which allows the plants to change the rest of the glucose into other useful substances.

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14
Q

why do plants use glucose to make cell walls?

A

glucose is changed into cellulose for making strong plant cell walls.

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15
Q

why do plants use glucose to make amino acids?

A

glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids. nitrate ions are absorbed from the soil. amino acids are used to make proteins.

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16
Q

why do plants use glucose to be stored as oils and fats?

A

glucose is turned into lipids (fats and oils) for storing in the seeds.

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17
Q

why do plants use glucose to be stored as starch?

A

glucose is turned into starch and stored in roots. stems and leaves. plants can use this starch when photosynthesis isn’t happening. starch is insoluble (can’t be dissolved). being insoluble makes starch much better for storing than glucose. this is because a cell with lots of glucose in would draw in loads of water and swell up.

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18
Q

what can the rate of photosynthesis be affected by?

A

these are limiting factors:

  • light.
  • temperature.
  • CO2.
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19
Q

what is a limiting factor?

A

it is something that stops photosynthesis from happening any faster.

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20
Q

what else can be a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll.

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21
Q

what can the amount of chlorophyll in a plant be affected by?

A
  • disease.

- the changes in the environment (e.g: lack of nutrients).

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22
Q

what can the limiting factor of chlorophyll cause?

A

it can cause chloroplasts to become damaged or to not make enough chlorophyll. this means they can’t absorb as much light, the rate of photosynthesis is reduced.

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23
Q

what are the three important graphs for rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • not enough lights slows down the rate of photosynthesis.
  • too little carbon dioxide can slow it down.
  • the temperature has to be right.
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24
Q

what is the link between light and the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • the more light there is, the faster photosynthesis happens.
  • this means the rate of photosynthesis depends on the amount of light- a limiting factor.
  • after a certain point , the graph flattens out- even if light is increased. this is because light is no longer the limiting factor.
25
Q

what is the link between carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • the more carbon dioxide there is, the faster photosynthesis happens.
  • this means the amount of C O2 is the limiting factor.
  • after a certain point, photosynthesis won’t go any faster because this is no longer the limiting factor. if there is plenty of light and carbon dioxide then it must be the temperature that is the limiting factor.
26
Q

what is the link with temperature and the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • if temperature is a limiting factor because it is too low. this is because the enzymes needed for photosynthesis work more slowly at low temperature.
  • but is the plant gets too hot then photosynthesis won’t happen at all. this is because the enzymes are damaged if the temperature is too high.
27
Q

how do we get energy?

A

the body needs energy. energy comes from food and it is transferred by respiration.

28
Q

do all living things respire?

A

yes.

29
Q

what is respiration?

A

respiration is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose which goes on in every cell.

30
Q

what is the energy then used for?

A

all living processes.

31
Q

respiration is what?

A

exothermic. this means it transfers energy to the environment.

32
Q

give three examples of how organisms used the energy transferred by respiration?

A

1) to build up larger molecules from smaller ones.
2) in animals- to move about.
3) in mammals and birds- to keep warm.

33
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the total of all of the reactions that happen in a cell or the body.

34
Q

what happens a lot in a cell?

A

there are lots of chemical reactions happening all the time.

35
Q

what are the reactions controlled by?

A

by enzymes.

36
Q

give me examples of when some of these reactions, larger molecules are made from smaller ones?

A
  • lots of small glucose molecules are joined together in reactions to form:
    • starch (a storage molecule in plant cells).
    • glycogen (a storage molecule in animal cells).
    • cellulose (a component of plant cell walls).
  • lipid molecules are each made from 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
  • glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids- then made into proteins.
37
Q

in other reactions, larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones for example?

A
  • glucose is broken down in respiration- it transfers energy to power all reactions in the body that make molecules.
  • excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea- it is then excreted in urine.
38
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

it is respiration using oxygen. it goes on all the time in plants and animals. most of this reaction happens inside mitochondria.

39
Q

what is the word equation for respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water.

40
Q

when is anaerobic respiration used?

A

it is used when there is not enough oxygen. it is the incomplete breakdown of glucose.

41
Q

what happens when you exercise hard?

A

your body sometimes can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles so they start doing anaerobic respiration as well as aerobic respiration.

42
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose —-> lactic acid.

43
Q

what doesn’t anaerobic respiration transfer?

A

it does not transfer anywhere near as much energy as aerobic respiration. this is because the glucose has not combined with oxygen like it does in aerobic respiration. the oxidation of glucose is not complete.

44
Q

what happens in plants and yeast cells when they respire?

A

plants and yeast cells can respire without oxygen too.

45
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells?

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide.

46
Q

what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?

A

fermentation.

47
Q

what happens in food and drinks industry?

A

fermentation by yeast is of great value. it used to make bread. its the carbon dioxide from fermentation that makes bread rise. it’s used to make alcoholic drinks (beer and wine). it’s the fermentation process that produces alcohol.

48
Q

what happens in the muscles during exercise?

A

-muscles need energy from respiration to contract. some of your muscles contract more often which means you need more energy. this energy comes from increased respiration.

49
Q

the increase in respiration in your cells means you need to get more oxygen into them to do this:

A

1) your breathing rate (how fast you breathe) increases.
2) your breath volume (how deep the breathe you take are) increases.
3) your heart rate (how fast your heart beats) increases.

50
Q

what makes oxygen into your blood quicker?

A

increasing your breathing rate and breath volume gets oxygen into your blood quicker. blood containing oxygen is called oxygenated blood.

51
Q

why does your heart rate increase?

A

your heart rate increases to get this oxygenated blood around the body faster.

52
Q

what can hard exercise lead to?

A

hard exercise can lead to anaerobic respiration.

53
Q

what does it mean if you can’t supply oxygen to your muscles quickly enough?

A

this means your muscles start doing anaerobic respiration.

54
Q

why is this not the best way to transfer energy from glucose?

A

because lactic acid builds up in the muscles which gets painful.

55
Q

what can long periods of exercise cause?

A

it can cause muscle fatigue. this when the muscles get tired and stop contracting efficiently.

56
Q

what can anaerobic respiration lead to?

A

can lead to an oxygen debt.

57
Q

what is an oxygen debt?

A

it is the amount of extra oxygen your body needs after exercise.

58
Q

why does the oxygen need to repay back?

A

because the lungs, heart and blood couldn’t keep up with the demand for oxygen earlier. so this mean you have to keep breathing hard for a while after you stop. this gets more oxygen into your blood which is transported to the muscle cells.

Biology (7 decks)

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