Pediatric Immunization and Common Illnesses

Question 1

Conjugated vaccines?

1) what are pathogens usually surrounded by?
2) how do we make it immunogenic? what happens if we don’t have this piece?
3) what is triggered?
4) ultimately what does this do?

Answer 1

pathogens surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule and these are immunogenic

they take a piece of the pathogen and hook it onto a carrier protein and that provides an immune response… without this carrier protein, it’s not as immunogenic

T cell dependent immunity to polysaccharides –> strengthens immune memory

Question 2

Inactivated/killed vaccines?

Answer 2

organism is killed by thermal or chemical stuff but immunogenicity is retained.

Question 3

why prevent sickle cell disease with pneumococcus vaccine?

Answer 3

autosplenectomy.. there spleen doesn’t work and prevents against encapsulated.

Question 4

MMR and Varicella Vaccine

1) what kind of vaccine
2) how many doses and when?
3) what if you give an MMRV and not both separate?

Answer 4

both live viruses

2 doses of BOTH, 12 months and between 4 and 6

higher risk of febrile seizures

Question 5

Hepatitis A

what type

Answer 5

single inactivated hep A vaccine

Question 6

Pneumococcal Vaccine

1) what does Pneumococcus cause?
2) what kind of vaccine is given, and when do you get it?
3) when would you give a non-conjugate vaccine?

Answer 6

causes respiratory tract disease (pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis), bacteremia, and meningitis –> mostly in children

conjugated 13-valent vaccine–> get before 5 but mostly before 2

non-conjugate –> use for high risk patients. special conditions + chronic diseases.

Question 7

people with egg allergies cannot get the influenza vaccine

vaccines cause disease

MMR causes autism

not getting immunizations decreases the overall lifetime risk for the child

Answer 7

false

no.

No.

nope

Question 8

Live Attenuated vaccines?

1) how does it work?
2) what does it provide?
3) what’s bad about this?

Answer 8

take a pathogen through other cells.. like a chicken embryo cell which makes it less pathogenic but gives you immunity

provides strong mucosal immunity

small percentage of people can become infected

Question 9

Antigenic drift and shift?

Answer 9

Viruses change every year because of this.

Question 10

Rotavirus

1) what kind of vaccine is it?
2) what is it helping to prevent
3) small risk for what?
4) how many doses and when should the first dose NOT be administered after?

Answer 10

Live Virus

helps prevent acute diarrheal disease in healthy infants

small risk of intussusception

2 or 3 doses, not after 14weeks and 6 days

Question 11

What are resources that you can use? (5 different)

1 app

3 committees

1 gold standard

what’s the gold standard for infectious disease in pediatric patients?

Answer 11

VCDC app –> vaccine schedules

ACIP (advisory committee on immunization practices)

AAP (American academy of pediatrics)

American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP)

CDC

RED book

Question 12

Vaccines contain what?

Answer 12

sub-unit antigens or inactivated toxins..

Question 13

what are the live attenuated viruses?

Answer 13

MMR, Varicella, Rotavirus, Influenza, Zoster

Question 14

What are the toxoid vaccines?

Answer 14

tetanus and diphtheria

Question 15

Haemophilus Influenza Type B

1) what did it use to be?
2) what is it conjugated to?
3) when is it given?

Answer 15

used to be a leading cause of bacteremia, meningitis, cellulitis and epiglottis

HiB capsular antigen is conjugated to tetanus or Neisseria meningitides-derived carrier protein

3-4 doses –> 2,4,6, 12-15 months.

Question 16

DTaP?

1) what does it stand for?
2) what happens in each?

Answer 16

diphtheria –> acute pharyngitis (super rare)

Tetanus –> severe muscle spasms by a neurotoxin.

Pertussis –> whooping cough, “100 day cough”

Question 17

HPV

1) what can it cause?
2) what do the two licensed vaccines prevent against?
3) when should boys and girls get it?

Answer 17

genital warts, genital cancer

two licensed vaccines, protects against type 16, 18.

recommended from ages 11-12

Question 18

Herd immunity?

what’s to note about different diseases

Answer 18

protection is provided to everyone in the community if a certain percentage of that community is vaccinated.

the threshold of herd immunity is different for different diseases –> worse disease = higher % needed to be immune to have herd immunity

Question 19

What are the inactivated or killed (nonconjugated) vaccines?

Answer 19

hep A, polio, rabies

Question 20

Hepatitis B

1) what is this a common cause for?
2) what happens if mom has Hep B and gives it to the newborn?
3) when is the series given?

Answer 20

common cause of acute and chronic liver disease –> started at birth.

if mom is exposed for Hep B. If newborn babies have Hep B, 90% will develop chronic carrier status for Hep B.

also if you contract it later in life but got the shot, the likelihood for it going chronic is low.

at birth

Question 21

understand the MMR is not a cause of what?

Answer 21

autism, duh

Question 22

Meningococcal vaccines

1) when is it given?
2) when you’re younger what type are you trying to prevent against?
3) when you’re older which one are you preventing?

Answer 22

11 years and another one at 16 years.

Younger is A/C/Y and W-135

the one you get when you’re older is type B.

Question 23

Influenza Vaccine

1) when do you get it and how often?
2) what if you’re below that age?
3) what people are most susceptible?
4) what kind of vaccine is it?

Answer 23

Yearly vaccine over 9 years old

6 months to 9 years.. 2 doses separated by 28 days at least.

very young, very old, chronically ill –> highest chances.

inactivated vaccine or live attenuated vaccine

Question 24

Polio

1) what kind of vaccine is it?
2) when is it given?
3) what is still given in endemic areas?

Answer 24

only injected polio vaccine now!

again, 1st 2 years and then at 6 years old.

Oral Polio virus is still used in endemic areas –> better gut and oropharyngeal immunity

Question 25

2 benefits of vaccination?

Answer 25

Individual immunity –> lifelong protection to disease

Herd immunity

Question 26

what’s to know about birth to 24 months?

when are boosters given?

when is meningococcal and HPV given to kids?

Answer 26

it’s the go time for vaccinations –> heaviest for vaccinations

4-6 years

when they’re older

Question 27

why are kids really getting pertussis

Answer 27

adults don’t get their booster

they get pertussis and are around kids who haven’t had vaccinations. the little babies that are most susceptible to life shortening disease gets it and dies.