Transition and Nationalism

Question 1

When was the constitution of Spain created

Answer 1

1978

Question 2

what was the split in the political heirarchy?

Answer 2

aperturistas - those who think the regime has to change to survive
immovilistas (bunker) - regime needed to intensify repression and return to fundamental values

Question 3

who is attributed with bringing democracy to spain?

Answer 3

juan carlos and adolfo suarez

Question 4

how many attempted coups were there between francos death and the election of psoe in 1982? and which was the most memorable

Answer 4

at least 6
1981 coup most memorable - military held politicans at gunpoint in parliament demanding a return to dictatorship, juan carlos faced it down.

Question 5

Key points of constitution (9)

Answer 5

constitutional monarchy
2 chamber parliament - congress and senate
flag will be red and gold of francoism but with spanish monarch’s coat of arms
church and state separate
state devolves power to all regions of spain
gives army political role
rights and protections to trade unions
rights to political parties
freedom of press and speech

Question 6

what was the narrative of the civil war in 1940s

Answer 6

republicans to blame
2nd republic deeply flawed
left abandoned democracy
communist plot, imminent revolution
foreign histories banned

Question 7

1960s narrative of civil war

Answer 7

opening up economy, starting to relax, realising myths need to change
historians starting to be interested in history from below

Question 8

1970s narrative of civil war

Answer 8

division of spaniards not good

collective tragedy/madness

Question 9

1980s - 90s narrative of civil war

Answer 9

civil war was about culture wars

more spanish scholars writing about it

Question 10

structural explanations of history are

Answer 10

marxist theories of economic development - look at history from pov of landholding
annales school of thinking - eg braudel, about long term causes
works for a narrative that says civil war was inevitable

Question 11

1990s narrative of civil war

Answer 11

cultural history and memory
recognising victimhood in post conflict/dictatorship societies
postmodernist - reality discursively created
identity

Question 12

theorists of nationalism

Answer 12

1980
benedict anderson - imagined communities
hobsbaum and ranger - invention of tradition

Question 13

how many provinces are there in the basque country

Answer 13

3 in france, 4 in spain

Question 14

why is guernica symbolically important

Answer 14

spanish monarchs supposed to travel to tree of guernica and swear to uphold basque nationalsim

Question 15

who was the founder of basque nationalism

Answer 15

sabino arrana

Question 16

why is basque nationalism racist

Answer 16

sabino arrana was keen on idea of purity of blood, basque people have unusal propensity for resus negative blood, became a biological marker of basqueness

Question 17

what are the key markers of basquness?

Answer 17

blood
language - euskadi
typography of basque country makes them simple hardy country folk
medieval virtues for men and women
catholic

Question 18

when did the catalonian political movement grow

Answer 18

mid-lat 19thc

Question 19

what was catalonian nationalism about to begin with

Answer 19

rediscovery of literature and language

confined to middle classes, led by rich male industrials, didnt want independence but a say in the spanish government

Question 20

what is the reference point for catalonia birth

Answer 20

kingdom of aragon from 13th-16th c

union of aragon and castile was to work together, but over the years spain has taken over aragon

Question 21

catalan myths about itself

Answer 21

had first medieval parliament

valencia and balearics catalan (language and history)

Question 22

what happened in 1740 to catalan

Answer 22

treaty of utret 1730 and final subjugation of catalonia in 1740
national day celebrates their defeat in that war - reminds them of what they had.
after 1740 spaniards attacked catalan language and culture, banned old flags.

Question 23

catalan nationalism now

Answer 23

very inclusive
learning catalan is a way of becoming catalan
popular force, embraces all classes and backgrounds
believe everything good comes from catalonia and rest of spain drags them down.

Question 24

what were the effects of franco’s regime on catalan and basque nationalism?

Answer 24

both suffered a lot during regime, policed areas more, banned use of language, symbols, signs of identity
eta / catalan martyrs like salvado puig antich
present themselves now as genuine democracies