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Neuro > Part uno 0424FA > Flashcards

Part uno 0424FA Flashcards

1
Q

neuroectoderm

A

CNS neurons.
ependymal cells.
oligodendroglia.
astrocytes.

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2
Q

neural crest

A

Schwann cells.

PNS neurons.

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3
Q

mesoderm

A

microglia (from monocytes)

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4
Q

astrocyte function

A
  1. physical support
  2. K+ metabolism
  3. removal of excess NT
  4. maintenance of BBB
  5. repair - REACTIVE GLIOSIS
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5
Q

microglia function

A

CNS phagocytes/scavenger cells

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6
Q

microglia change with HIV infx

A

fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS

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7
Q

oligodendroglia function

A

myelinate multiple CNS axons.

destroyed in MS.

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8
Q

Schwann cell function

A

myelinate ONE PNS axon.
promote axonal regeneration.
destroyed in Guillain-Barre syndrome.

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9
Q

free nerve endings (sensory)

A

C: slow, unmyelinated fibers.
Adelta: fast, myelinated fibers.

location: all skin, epidermis, some viscera
senses: pain and temp

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10
Q

meissners corpuscles (sensory)

A

large, myelinated fibers.

location: glabrous (hairless) skin
senses: position sense, dynamic fine touch (manipulation). quick adaptation.

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11
Q

pacininian corpuscles (sensory)

A

large, myelinated fibers.

location: deep skin layers, ligaments, joints.
senses: vibration, pressure

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12
Q

merkels disks (sensory)

A

large, myelinated fibers.

location: hair follicles
senses: position sense, static touch (shapes, edges, textures). slow adaptation.

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13
Q

norepinephrine

A

synthesized in locus ceruleus.

increased in anxiety.
decreased in depression.

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14
Q

dopamine

A

synthesized in ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra.

increased in schizophrenia.
decreased in Parkinson, depression.

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15
Q

serotonin (5-HT)

A

synthesized in raphe nucleus.

decreased in anxiety, depression.

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16
Q

ACh

A

synthesized in basal nucleus of Meynert.

increased in REM sleep.
decreased in Alzheimer, Huntington.

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17
Q

GABA

A

synthesized in nucleus accumbens.

decreased in anxiety, Huntington.

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18
Q

decreased NTs in depression

A

NE
dopamine
serotonin

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19
Q

BBB

A
  1. tight junctions between nonfenestrated cap endo cells
  2. basement membrane
  3. astrocyte foot processes

permeated by hypothalamic inputs/outputs (area postrema, OVLT, neurohypophysis)

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20
Q

area postrema

A

responds to emetics.

vomiting after chemo.

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21
Q

OVLT

A

senses changes in osmolarity.

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22
Q

vasogenic edema

A

destruction of endo cell tight junctions in BBB. caused by infarction and/or neoplasm.

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23
Q

hypothalamus functions

A 
Thirst and water balance.
Adenohypophysis control.
Neurohypophysis hormone production.
Hunger.
Autonomic regulation.
Temp regulation.
Sexual urges.

“TAN HATS”

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24
Q

hypothalamus hormone production

A

ADH from supraoptic nucleus.

oxytocin from paraventricular nucleus.

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25
Q

lateral area of hypothalamus

A

hunger.
inhibited by leptin.

destruction: anorexia, FTT.

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26
Q

ventromedial area of hypothalamus

A

satiety.
stimulated by leptin.

destruction: hyperphagia.

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27
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

cooling, parasymp.

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28
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

heating, symp.

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29
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

A

circadian rhythm

30
Q

limbic system

A 
cingulate gyrus.
hippocampus.
fornix. 
mammillary bodies. 
septal nucleus.
31
Q

limbic system functions

A 
5 F's
feeding
fleeing
fighting
feeling
sex
32
Q

cerebellum input nerves

A

climbing and mossy fibers - stimulate contralateral cortex to modulate mvmt.

via middle cerebellar peduncle (contralateral cortical input) and inferior cerebellar peduncle (ipsilateral proprioceptive info).

33
Q

cerebellum output nerves

A

Purkinje fibers to deep nuclei to superior cerebellar peduncle to cortex

34
Q

lateral cerebellum

A

voluntary mvmt of extremities

35
Q

medial cerebellum

A

balance.
truncal coordination.
ataxia.

*injury: fall toward injured side

36
Q

basal ganglia function

A

voluntary mvmts and postural adjustments.

input and output from cortex.

37
Q

basal ganglia components

A

striatum + lentiform

striatum = putamen + caudate
lentiform = putamen + globus pallidus
38
Q

Parkinson disease

A

degenerative CNS disorder.
loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (increase inhibitory pathway). excessive cholinergic activity.

39
Q

Parkinson features

A

Lewy bodies: alpha synuclein (intracellular inclusion)

resting Tremor (pill-rolling)
cogwheel Rigidity
Akinesia
Postural instability

“TRAP”

40
Q

hemiballismus

A

damage to contralateral subthalamic nucleus.
often due to lacunar stroke in HTN pt.
lose inhibition of thalamus thru globus pallidus.
sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm and/or leg.

41
Q

Huntington disease

A

AD trinucleotide repeat disorder [CAG].
atrophy of striatal nuclei (putamen and caudate).
neuronal death via NMDA-R binding of glutamate.
caudate loses ACh and GABA - decreased inhibition of mvmt.

42
Q

Huntington features

A 
chorea
aggression
depression
dementia
athetosis (snakelike writhing)
43
Q

myoclonus

A

sudden, brief muscle contraction (jerks, hiccups).

damage to nucleus ambiguus of medulla.

44
Q

dystonia

A

sustained, involuntary muscle contractions

45
Q

essential/postural tremor

A

ACTION TREMOR (worsens when holding posture).

AD with pos fam hx.
alcohol decreases tremor.
treat with beta blockers.

46
Q

resting tremor

A

most noticeable distally.

pill-roll in parkinson.

47
Q

intention tremor

A

slow zigzag motion when pointing toward a target.

assoc. with cerebellar dysfunction.

48
Q

ataxia

A

lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements

49
Q

central pontine myelinosis

A

destroy white matter in PONS.
caused by very rapid correction of hyponatremia.

sx: acute bilateral paralysis (LOCKED IN SYNDROME). dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness.

MRI: increased signal in pons.

50
Q

aphasia

A

higher order inability to speak

51
Q

dysarthria

A

MOTOR inability to speak

52
Q

Broca aphasia

A

nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension (can’t speak, can understand).

Broca’s area = inferior frontal gyrus

53
Q

Wernicke aphasia

A

fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension (can’t understand, can speak).

Wernicke’s area = superior temporal gyrus

54
Q

global aphasia

A

nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension. BOTH Broca and Wernicke’s areas are affected.

55
Q

conduction aphasia

A

POOR REPETITION but fluent speech and intact comprehension.

damage to ARCUATE FASCICULUS - connection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.

can’t repeat “no ifs, ands or buts”

56
Q

parkinson tx: AGONIZE dopamine receptors

A

bromocriptine (ergot)
pramipexole
ropinirole (non-ergot)*

57
Q

parkinson tx: increase dopamine

A

amantadine: increase release. also used in rubella. tox: ataxia.

L-dopa + carbidopa: converted to dopamine in CNS.

58
Q

parkinson tx: prevent dopamine breakdown

A

selegiline: selective MAO type B inhib.

entacapone, tolcapone: COMT inhib - prevent L-dopa degrad.

59
Q

parkinson tx: curb excess cholinergic activity

A

benztropine: antimuscarinic - improves tremor and rigidity. no help for bradykinesia.

good for drug-induced PD caused by antipsychotics.

60
Q

L-DOPA (LEVODOPA) + CARBIDOPA

A

MOA: increase dopamine in brain.
L-dopa can cross BBB, converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS.

tox:
arrhythmias from peripheral conversion.
long term: dyskinesia with admin, akinesia btn doses.

contraindicated: drug-induced PD, can precipitate psychosis.
* carbidopa = peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor given to increase bioavailability of L-dopa in brain; limit peripheral SEs

61
Q

SELEGILINE

A

MOA: selectively inhibits MAO-B, which metabolizes dopamine over NE and 5HT.

ADJUNCT to L-dopa in PD tx.

tox: may enhance SE of L-dopa.

62
Q

alzheimer tx: memantine

A

MOA: NMDA receptor antagonist. prevent excitotoxicity via Ca2+.

tox: dizziness, confusion, hallucinations.

63
Q

alzheimer tx: donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine

A

MOA: AChE inhibitors.

tox: nausea, dizziness, insomnia.

64
Q

huntington tx

A

disease characterized by increased dopamine, decreased GABA/ACh.

reserpine + tetrabenazine to deplete amines.

haloperidol to antagonize dopamine receptor.

65
Q

sumatriptan

A

MOA: 5HT 1B/1D AGONIST.
cause vasoconstriction, inhibition of trigeminal activation and vasoactive peptide release.

half life < 2 hrs.

66
Q

sumatriptan use

A

acute migraine, cluster HA attacks

67
Q

sumatriptan tox

A

coronary vasospasm - contraindicated in CAD and prinzmetal’s angina.

mild tingling.

68
Q

thalamus

A

major relay for all ascending SENSORY information EXCEPT OLFACTION

69
Q

VPL nucleus

A

input: spinothalamic; dorsal column (medial lemniscus) pathways
info: pain/temp; pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception
destination: primary somatosensory cortex

70
Q

VPM nucleus

A

input: trigeminal; gustatory pathways
info: face sensation; taste
destination: primary somatosensory cortex

71
Q

LGN

A

input: CN II
info: vision
destination: calcarine sulcus

72
Q

MGN

A

input: superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
info: hearing
destination: auditory cortex of temporal lobe

Neuro (15 decks)

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