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NPTE Other Systems > Renal and Urological Systems > Flashcards

Renal and Urological Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Each kidney lobule is composed of more than one million ____.

A

Nephrons (functional units of the kidney)

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2
Q

What part of the kidney is responsible for filtering blood?

A

Glomerulus

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3
Q

What is the difference between the ureter and the urethra?

A

Ureter = moves urine via peristaltic action

Urethra = extends from the bladder to an external orifice for elimination of urine from the body

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4
Q

List 5 functions of the kidney.

A
  1. Regulates the composition and pH of body fluids through reabsorption and elimination
  2. Eliminates metabolic wasters and drugs/drug metabolites
  3. Assist in BP regulation through renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanisms and water/salt elimination
  4. Contributes to bone metabolic function by activating vitamin D and regulating calcium and phosphate conservation and elimination
  5. Controls the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow through the production of erythropoietin
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5
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

The amount of filtrate that is formed each minute as blood moves through the glomeruli and serves as an important gauge of renal function

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6
Q

What is the normal creatine clearance by the kidney?

A

115-125 mL/min

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7
Q

What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN)? When is this elevated? (3)

A

Urea produced in the liver as a by product of protein metabolism that is eliminated by the kidneys

Elevated with increased protein intake, GI bleeding and dehydration

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8
Q

List the normal values of urine (color, clarity, specific gravity, pH, protein and sugar).

A 
Color: Yellow-amber
Clarity: clear
Specific gravity: 1.010-1.025 with normal fluid intake
pH: 4.6-8.0; average is 6 (acid)
Protein: 0-8 mg/dL
Sugar: 0
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9
Q

How is homeostasis regulated by the renal and urological systems?

A

Through thirst mechanisms and renal function via circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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10
Q

What are the normal serum levels of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium?

A 
Potassium = 3.5-5.5 mEq/L
Sodium = 135-146 mEq/L
Calcium = 8.4-10.4 mg/dL
Magnesium = 1.8-2.4 mg/dL
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11
Q

List 4 possible causes of hypokalemia.

A

Deficient potassium or excessive loss due to:

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis
Renal tubular disease

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12
Q

List 6 possible causes of hyperkalemia.

A 
Inadequate secretion with acute renal failure
Kidney disease
Metabolic acidosis 
Diabetic ketoacidosis 
Sickle cell anemia 
Lupus
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13
Q

What are the causes of hyponatremia versus hypernatremia?

A

Hyponatremia = water intoxication associated with excess intake or excess ADH (tumors, endocrine disorders)

Hypernatremia = occurs with water deficits (not salt excess) with dehydration, insufficient water intake

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14
Q

List 5 clinical signs of hyponatremia.

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Signs of increased cerebral pressure
  3. Poor motor coordination
  4. Sleepiness
  5. Anorexia
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15
Q

Lust 7 clinical signs of hypernatremia.

A
  1. Circulatory congestion (pitting edema, weight gain)
  2. Pulmonary edema with dyspnea
  3. Hypertension
  4. Tachycardia
  5. Agitation
  6. Restlessness
  7. Convulsions
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16
Q

List 6 possible causes of hypocalcemia.

A
  1. Reduced albumin levels
  2. Hyperphosphatemia
  3. Hypoparathyroidism
  4. Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D
  5. Alkalosis
  6. Acute pancreatitis
17
Q

List 4 possible causes of hypercalcemia.

A
  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Hyperthyroidism
  3. Tumors
  4. Vitamin A intoxication
18
Q

List 5 possible causes of hypomagnesemia.

A
  1. Hemodialysis
  2. Blood transfusions
  3. Hepatic cirrhosis
  4. Excess loss of body fluid
  5. Hypoparathyroidism
19
Q

List 5 possible causes of hypermagnesemia.

A
  1. Renal failure
  2. Diabetic acidosis
  3. Hypothyroidism
  4. Addison’s disease
  5. With dehydration and use of antacids
20
Q

List 3 clinical signs of hypomagnesemia.

A
  1. Hyperirritability
  2. Confusion
  3. Leg and foot cramps
21
Q

List 6 clinical signs of hypermagnesemia.

A
  1. Hyporeflexia
  2. Muscle weakness
  3. Lethargy
  4. Confusion
  5. Bradycardia
  6. Hypotension
22
Q

What is the normal acid base ratio of the body?

A

Normally a ration of 20 base to 1 acid

23
Q

What is the difference between and upper and lower UTI?

A

Lower UTI = cystitis (inflammation or infection of the bladder) or urethritis (inflammation and infections of the urethra)

Upper UTI = pyelonephritis (inflammation or infection of one or both kidneys)

24
Q

List 4 symptoms associated with a lower UTI.

A
  1. Urinary frequency
  2. Urgency
  3. Burning sensation during urination
  4. Cloudy and foul smelling urine
25
Q

List 6 symptoms associated with an upper UTI.

A
  1. Fever
  2. Chills
  3. Malaise
  4. Headache
  5. Tenderness over the kidneys (back pain)
  6. Tenderness over the costovertebral angle (Murphy’s sign)
26
Q

What is renal cystic disease?

A

Fluid filled cavities that form along the nephron and can lead to renal degeneration or obstruction

27
Q

List 3 symptoms of renal cystic disease.

A

Pain
Hematuria
Hypertension

NPTE Other Systems (13 decks)

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