IMMUNOLOGY

Question 1

Why do warm-blooded, long-lives animals require complex immune defenses?

Answer 1

Infectious agents such as bacteria can divide rapidly in warm-blooded creatures.

Question 2

What are the 4 types of pathogenic organisms?

Answer 2

Virus
Bacteria
Protozoa
Worms

Question 3

How many bacteria are there in the world?

Answer 3

4-6 x 10^30 bacteria

Question 4

Can all bacteria cause human disease?

Answer 4

No, only a few bacteria have the ability to cause human disease.

Question 5

What are the major differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial walls?

Answer 5

Gram-Positive: many layers of peptidoglycan for cell wall

Gram-negative: few layers of peptidogycan for cell wall plus an outer membrane

Question 6

How does the immune system see cytoplasmic intracellular pathogens (4)?

Answer 6

CTLs
NK cells
T cells
Macrophages

Question 7

How does the immune system see vesicular intracellular pathogens (3)?

Answer 7

T cells
NK cells
Macrophages

Question 8

How does the immune system see extracellular pathogens in blood/lymphatics (3)?

Answer 8

Antibodies
PMNs
Complement

Question 9

How does the immune system see extracellular pathogens in epithelial surfaces/mucosal (3)?

Answer 9

Antibodies
Intraepithelial
PMNs

Question 10

What are the 4 features of the innate immune system?

Answer 10

Rapid response (min to hours)

Limited variability of effector mechanisms

Nonspecific

No memory (no maturation or repeated responses)

Question 11

What are the 4 features of the adaptations (acquired) immune system?

Answer 11

Slow response (days to weeks)

B-cells and T-cells are highly selective

Specific

Memory, maturation of secondary response

Question 12

What is the morphology and effector function of the phenotype listed below?

Neutrophils

Answer 12

Polymorphonuclear

Phagocytosis and digestion of microbes

Question 13

What is the morphology and effector function of the phenotype listed below?

Eosinophils

Answer 13

Polymorphonuclear

Allergic reactions, defense against helminths

Question 14

What is the morphology and effector function of the phenotype listed below?

Basophils

Answer 14

Polymorphonuclear

Allergic reactions

Question 15

What is the morphology and effector function of the phenotype listed below?

Mast cells

Answer 15

Polymorphonuclear

Allergic reactions

Question 16

What is the morphology and effector function of the phenotype listed below?

Monocyte

Answer 16

Mononuclear

Circulating macrophage precursor

Question 17

What is the morphology and effector function of the phenotype listed below?

Macrophages

Answer 17

Mononuclear

Phagocytosis and digestion of microbes, antigen presentation

Question 18

Immune responses of the innate immune system provide NATURAL IMMUNITY against microorganisms via (3):

Answer 18

PHAGOCYTOSIS and intracellular killing

RECRUITMENT of other inflammatory cells

PRESENTATION of antigens

Question 19

Leukocytes include (5):

Answer 19

Neutrophils, monocytes and tissue macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells which are lymphocytes.

These cells are the first line of defense against most pathogens.

Question 20

How does recognition occur by innate immunity?

Answer 20

Selectively recognize, alarm, and trigger responses against microbes with PRRs and PAMPs.

Question 21

What PAMPs are involved in innate immunity (5)?

Answer 21

Mannose (Mannan)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Peptidoglycan

Bacterial DNA (rich in CpG motif)

dsRNA

Question 22

What TLR recognizes gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 22

TLR2 (peptidoglycan)

Question 23

What TLR recognizes gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 23

TLR4 (LPS)

Question 24

What do all the TLRs recognize (8)?

Answer 24

TLR1: lipoprotein
TLR2: lipoteichoic acid
TLR3: viral dsRNA
TLR4: LPS
TLR5: flagellin 
TLR7: viral ssRNA
TLR8: viral ssRNA
TLR9: unmethylated CpG-rich DNA