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Human Neuropsychology II > Disorders of Language > Flashcards

Disorders of Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model?

A
  • Words are perceived through a specialized word centre (Wernicke’s area) in the left temporoparietal junction
  • Projects to word production centre (Broca’s area) located in the left inferior frontal gyrus
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2
Q

What are the two broad streams of language processing? (after the superior temporal gyrus)

A
  • Ventral comprehension network: Connected via inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus
  • Dorsal speech production pathway: Associated with arcuate fasciculus
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3
Q

What are the connections of the auditory dorsal stream?

A
  • Connects auditory cortex to parietal lobe and inferior frontal gyrus
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4
Q

What is the function of the auditory dorsal stream?

A
  • sound localization
  • speech production
  • speech recognition
  • vocal mimicry
  • lip reading
  • phonological WM
  • LTM
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5
Q

What are the connections of the auditory ventral stream?

A
  • Connects auditory cortex to middle temporal gyrus and temporal pole which projects to inferior frontal gyrus
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6
Q

What is the function of the auditory ventral stream?

A
  • Extracting meaning from sound
  • Maintenance of perceived sound objects in WM
  • Sentence comprehension
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7
Q

Which auditory stream has evidence for bilateral processing?

A
  • ventral
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8
Q

Compare Broca’s and Wernicke’s patients.

A

Broca:

  • Production impaired but comprehension intact
  • Often had right hemiparesis (weakening of right arm and leg)

Wernicke:

  • Fluent, but nonsensical sounds, words, sentences
  • Damage to posterior region of superior temporal gyrus
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9
Q

What is the modern view of language production?

A
  • Involves “task positive” systems: linguistic processes, motor and sensory systems, controlled access to semantic representations
  • Includes both domain-specific networks (language-specific) and domain-general networks (mediating top-down and bottom-up attentional control)
  • May include “task negative” systems involved in accessing semantic and episodic memory
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10
Q

What are the 3 networks involved in language production?

A
  1. Frontotemporoparietal network (LH): Includes left paracingulate cortex, left lateral frontal cortex, and left superior and inferior parietal lobules
    - Activated during speech but not during count and decision trials
  2. FTP network (RH): Activated during count and decision trials but not during speech
  3. FTP (LH, overlapping): Shows deactivation during speech
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11
Q

What is the Wada test? What did it reveal about handedness?

A
  • While patient is awake, barbiturate is introduced not internal carotid arteries in order to shut down language / memory function in one hemisphere
  • Patient engages in a series of language and memory tests: Memory is evaluated by showing patient a series of pictures. Once it wears off, patient is tested on recall.
  • For patients without LH lesion, both right handed and left handed patients have speech more greatly represented in LH. However, left handers also sometimes have speech represented in the RH or bilaterally moreso than right handers.
  • For patients with LH lesions, left handed patients have speech represented in RH more commonly than LH. However, RH still have greater representation in LH.
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12
Q

What are aphasias? What is the difference between primary and secondary aphasia?

A
  • Disorder of language apparent in speech, writing, alexia produced by injuries to brain areas specialized for these functions
  • Primary due to problems with language processing mechanism while secondary is due to memory, attention, or perceptual problems
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13
Q

What are the 2 symptoms of disorders of comprehension?

A
  1. Poor auditory comprehension

2. Poor visual comprehension

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14
Q

List 8 symptoms of disorders of production.

A
  1. Poor articulation
  2. Word-finding deficit
  3. Unintended words / phrases
  4. Loss of grammar or syntax
  5. Inability to repeat presented material
  6. Low verbal fluency
  7. Inability to write
  8. Loss of tone in voice
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15
Q

Name 5 differences between fluent aphasia and schizophrenia

A
  1. Those with fluent aphasia have fluent but short speech. Schizophrenics have extended and rambling speech
  2. Prosody is intact in fluent aphasia but impaired in schizophrenia
  3. Content is empty in fluent aphasia, but bizarre and restricted in schizophrenia
  4. Comprehension impaired in fluent aphasia but intact in schizophrenia
  5. Reading impaired in fluent aphasia but intact in schizophrenia
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16
Q

What are the three test parameters of aphasia?

A
  1. Spontaneous speech
  2. Auditory comprehension
  3. Verbal repetition
17
Q

What are the three broad categories of aphasias?

A
  1. Nonfluent: Difficulties in articulating but good auditory and verbal comprehension
  2. Fluent: Fluent but difficulties in either verbal comprehension or repetition of words, phrases, sentences spoken by others
  3. Pure: Selective impairments in reading, writing, recognition of words
18
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A
  • Caused by damage to connection between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area
  • Difficulty repeating what was just heard
  • Comprehension and production intact
19
Q

What is the difference between transcortical motor and sensory aphasias?

A
  • Motor: Comprehension and repetition are preserved, but speech is non-fluent
  • Sensory: Repetition is preserved and speech is fluent but comprehension is impaired
20
Q

What is anomic aphasia?

A
  • Can comprehend and repeat speech; speech is fluent

- Cannot name objects: Caused by damage to temporal lobe while verb finding problem result of left frontal damage

21
Q

What is global aphasia?

A
  • Extensive LH damage

- Deficits in comprehension and production of language

22
Q

How do Broca’s and Wernicke’s patients differ in terms of phonology, syntax and semantics?

A
  • Phonology: Broca’s patients mispronounce phonemes / have difficulty producing correct allophone while Wernicke’s patients substitute phonemes
  • Syntax: Broca’s patients often omit verbs and have problems comprehending syntax while W patients do not have problems with syntax
  • Semantics: W patients have difficulty with semantics while B patients do not (unless syntax is important)
23
Q

How does current evidence in language processing differ from the classical model?

A
  • Provides evidence that classical language areas are important but many other parts are also important
  • More likely that brain is organized in units devoted to phonology, syntax, and semantics than speaking, repeating, and listening
24
Q

What are the 2 routes involved in reading? What condition is produced with damage to each?

A
  1. Phonological: Seeing the word and sounding it out to understand its meaning
    - Phonological alexia: Do not have problems reading previously learned words but have problems reading new words (regular or irregular)
    - Deep alexia: Patients read semantically related words in place of word they are trying to read, unable to read nonword
  2. Direct: Printed words are directly linked to meaning
    - Surface alexia: Words can only be understood if they are sounded out, irregular words are not read properly, overgeneralization of rules
25
Q

What are the 3 contributions of the RH to language?

A
  1. Prosody: intonation pattern of an utterance
  2. Narrative: The ability to construct or understand a story line
  3. Inference: Ability to fill in the blanks
26
Q

What are the 7 elements of a neuropsychological evaluation for language and aphasia?

A
  1. Spontaneous speech (fluent or non-fluent)
  2. Word retrieval
  3. Word selection: Paraphrasias
  4. Auditory comprehension: Simple commands
  5. Repetition: Asking patient to repeat single words and nonwords
  6. Naming
  7. Reading and writing

Human Neuropsychology II (17 decks)

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