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ZZZZKCU Comprehensive Exam Review Andy > Histology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Histology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A “slipped” or herniated disc results when pressure on the vertebral column causes a displacement of the nucleus pulposus in the center of the disc which leads to a bulge caused by this displaced pressure. The weakened part of the disc that bulges out is the annulus ring that surrounds the nucleus pulposus. Which of the following types of tissues makes up this annular ring?

Hyaline Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Woven Bone

A

Fibrocartilage

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2
Q

ID Tissuue Type: Fibrous Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Membranous Bone

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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3
Q

Which of the following terms does NOT refer to mature bone?

Lamellar

Spongy

Compact

Woven

Cancellous

A

Woven

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4
Q

Flow of nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes depends on a system of passageways within the bone matrix itself. Which of the following are responsible for conducting these nutrients directly to the osteocytes embedded within the bone?

Haversian Canal

Volkmann Canals

Canaliculi

Capillaries

A

Canaliculi

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5
Q

In the attached photomicrograph, ID specific types of cells indicated by the arrow and the type of bone formation shown here.

Chondroblasts and endochondral bone formation Osteoclasts and endochondral bone formation Osteoclasts and intramembrane bone formation Osteoblasts and intramembrane bone formation

A

Osteoblasts and intramembrane bone formation

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6
Q

ID the fine lines indicated by the letter “A”

Bile canaliculi

Haversian Canaliculi

Elastic fibers

Collagen fibers

A

Haversian Canaliculi

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7
Q

In endochondral bone formation, deposition of bone matrix occurs on which of the following substrates? Fibrous connective tissue

Chondroitin sulfate in hyaline cartilage matrix

Calcified hyaline cartilage matrix

Woven Bone

A

Calcified hyaline cartilage matrix

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8
Q

During the development and growth of long bones, hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. Which of the following activities would be directly responsible for the increase in the length of the bone?

Destruction of chondrocytes by the invasion of the ossification front

Enlargement of chondrocytes in the hypertrophic zone

Proliferation of chondrocytes away from the ossification front

Generation of osteoblasts in the invasion zone

A

Proliferation of chondrocytes away from the ossification front

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9
Q

Which of the following is normally secreted by osteoblasts and binds to RANKL to prevent maturation of osteoclasts?

Calcitonin

Osteoprotegerin

Denosumab

Alpha-Gamma-Beta3

Integrin

A

Osteoprotegerin

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10
Q

Reabsorption of bone matrix by osteoclasts involves removal of both the organic and the inorganic component of the matrix. Which of the following is secreted by osteoclasts to degrade the organic matrix of bone?

Hydrogen and chloride ions

Osteopontin

Cathepsin K

Osteoprotegerin

A

Cathepsin K

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11
Q

Which of the following characteristics BEST characterizes the synovial membrane lining of a typical synovial joint cavity?

This membrane is highly vascularized and poorly innervated

This membrane is highly vascularized and richly innervated

This membrane is poorly vascularized and richly innervated

This membrane is poorly vascularized and poorly innervated

A

This membrane is highly vascularized and poorly innervated

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12
Q

The following photomicrograph shows a portion of an epiphyseal plate. The specific region of the growth plate indicated by the letter “B” represents which of the following growth plate zones?

Calcification zone

Proliferative Zone

Reserve Zone

Hypertrophic Zone

A

Hypertrophic Zone

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13
Q

Which of the following cell types have a biloped nucleus and specific granules containing major basic protein that disrupts parasite membranes?

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

A

Eosinophils

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14
Q

Of the circulating blood cell types, which of the following is an active amoeboid phagocyte, characterized by numerous small specific granules and larger less numerous azurophilic granules? Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophil Monocyte

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

ID the type of cell shown in this slide Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil

A

Neutrophil

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16
Q

The large reddish blood cell shown in this photomicrograph represents which of the following kinds of cells? Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil Lymphocyte

A

Eosinophil

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17
Q

Prothrombin is the inactive form of thrombin. It is activated by which of the following factors when the factor comes into contact with collagen in the damaged vessel wall?

Factor V

Factor X

Factor XII

Factor XIII

A

Factor XII

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18
Q

The lamina cribosa is associated with which of the following layers of the eyeball?

Cornea

Sclera

Choroid

Inner Tunic

A

Sclera

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19
Q

The non-photosensitive area of the retina lies anterior to which of the following landmarks?

Limbus

Ciliary body

Canal of Schlemm

Ora Serrata

A

Ora Serrata

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20
Q

Cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and mueller cells form which of the following layers of the retina?

Outer nuclear layer

Outer plexiform layer

Inner nuclear layer

Inner plexiform layer

A

Inner nuclear layer

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21
Q

Which of the following types of cells serve as interneurons that interconnect ganglion cells and bipolar cells?

Mueller cells

Amacrine cells

Brunner Cells

Horizontal Cells

A

Amacrine Cells

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22
Q

In the photomicrograph below, the arrow is pointing to which of the following structures?

Pigmented layer of the retina

Sensory layer of the retina

Choroid Sclera

A

Sensory layer of the retina

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23
Q

In blood clotting mechanisms, activation of the extrinsic pathway is initiated by formation of which of the following?

Thromboplastin

Factor X

Factor V

Calcium

A

Thromboplastin

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24
Q

A mother who has not received adequate prenatal care and who does not have current medical records delivers her first baby. The baby is tested and found to be Rh-negative. The mother’s blood is typed prior to delivery. Which of the following would be appropriate advice to for the new mother?

A

Whether the mother is Rh-negative or Rh-postiive, no further treatment is required with regard to Rh Antigen

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25
Q

In the hematopoietic lineage of the various granulocytes, which of the following immature cell types may be found in the circulation?

Myelocyte

Band Cell

Promyelocyte

Metamyelocyte

A

Band cell

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26
Q

Erythropoietin directs the CFU-E to proliferate and to differentiate into proerythroblasts. Which of the following sites represents the source of erythropoietin?

Liver

Kidney

Bone Marrow

Spleen

A

Kidney

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27
Q

Which of the following hematopoietic growth factors may be administered to treat neutropenia following chemotherapy or radiation therapy?

Erythropoietin

Thrombopoietin

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

A

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

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28
Q

ID the specific type of blood cell marked with an asterisk in the photomicrograph below. Monocyte Lymphoblast Megakaryocyte Proerythroblast

A

Proerythroblast

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29
Q

This protein extends from the Z band of a sarcomere and serves as a template to regulate the length of an actin filament.

Titin

Z-Actin

Troponin

Nebulin

Plectin

A

Nebulin

30
Q

In a skeletal muscle fiber, which of the following extends from one myofibril to another end and to the sarcolemma?

Desmin

Plectin

Alpha-Beta-Crystallin

Dystroglycan Complex

A

Desmin

31
Q

In neuromuscular spindles intrafusal fibers within the neuromuscular spindles are supplied by which of the following fibers?

Alpha fibers

Gamma fibers

Delta Fibers

Beta Fibers

None of the above

A

Gamma fibers

32
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are characterized by the presence of the intercalated discs. These structures provide structural integrity to the cardiac muscle tissue and also facilitate transmission of impulses from one cell to another. Which of the following membrane specializations are associated with the longitudinal component of the disc?

Macula Adherentes

Gap junctions

Fascia Adherentes

Actin and desmin filaments

A

Gap Junctions

33
Q

ID the type of cells indicated by the arrow “F” Cardiac muscle cells

Hyaline cartilage

Adipocytes

Striated cuboidal epithelial cells

Purkinje cells

A

Purkinje cells

34
Q

Alpha-actinin in smooth muscle cells is associated with anchoring actin filaments. It is found in which of the following structures in smooth muscle cells?

Caveolin Monomers

Sphingolipids

Dense Bodies

Dystrophin

A

Dense Bodies

35
Q

ID Tissue Type

Smooth muscle

Dense fibrous CT

Cardiac muscle

Stratified squamous epithelium

Kidney Tubules

A

Smooth Muscle

36
Q

In the photomicrograph below, ID the specific structure indicated by the asterisk.

Axon

Axon Hillock

Dendrite

Telodendrite

A

Axon

37
Q

Which of the following best describes the epineurium?

It is a membrane composed of type III collagen surrounding a fascicle

It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a fascicle

It is a membrane composed of type III collagen surrounding a nerve

It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a nerve

A

It is a membrane composed of type I collagen surrounding a nerve

38
Q

Voltage-gated channels are found on which of the following kinds of membranes?

Epineurium

Neurolemma

Perineurium

Endoneurium

A

Neurolemma

39
Q

Which of the following types of cells myelinate axons in the CNS?

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann Cells

Microglial Cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

40
Q

In the myelinated sheath of peripheral axons, which of the following is important in binding together the outer leaflets of the Schwann cell plasmalemma and helping to compact the cytoplasm?

Proteolipid protein

Myelin basic protein

Myelin protein zero

Connexin 32

A

Myelin Protein Zero

41
Q

The meninges cover the brain and the spinal cord. They consist of three layers. Which of the following statements is true regarding these membranes?

The subdural space is only associated with the meninges around the brain

The epidural space is only associated with the meninges around the spinal cord

Cerebral spinal fluid is found in the subdural space

Arachnoid granulations are projections from the pia mater

A

The epidural space is only associated with the meninges around the spinal cord

42
Q

The structural component of the blood brain barrier consists of which of the following components?

The tight junctions of the capillary endothelium

The end feet of the astrocytic processes

The fenestrated endothelium of the choroid capillaries

Foot processes of the tanycytes

A

The tight junctions of the capillary endothelium

43
Q

Afferent sensory neurons with cell bodies found in the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves are best described according to which of the following categories?

Multipolar neurons

Bipolar neurons

Golgi Type II Neurons

Pseudounipolar Neurons

A

Pseudounipolar Neurons

44
Q

What type of cell is depicted in the following photomicrograph?

Oligodendrocyte Golgi

Type II cell

Astrocyte

Golgi

Type I Cell

A

Astrocyte

45
Q

What type of cell is depicted in the following photomicrograph?

Astrocyte

Pseudounipolar neuron

Motor neuron

Bipolar neuron

A

Pseudounipolar neuron

46
Q

The asterisk in the photomicrograph below is pointing to which of the following structures?

Bowman’s membrane

Decemet’s Membrane

Bruch’s membrane

Pigmented layer

A

Bowman’s membrane

47
Q

ID the layer

Inner plexiform layer

Outer nuclear layer

Outer plexiform layer

Inner nuclear layer

A

Outer nuclear layer

48
Q

The lamina cribrosa is associated with which of the following layers of the eye?

Cornea

Sclera

Lens

Vascular Tunic

Retina

A

Sclera

49
Q

A stratified squamous, non-keratinzed epithelium with free nerve endings is characteristic of which of the following?

Decemet’s membrane

Corneal epithelium

Bowman’s membrane

Sclera

Anterior surface of the iris

A

Corneal epithelium

50
Q

The sensory layer of the ciliary body produces aqueous humor. This fluid is first secreted into which of the following chambers?

Vitreous body

Anterior chamber

Posterior chamber Canal of Schlemm

Choroid layer

A

Posterior chamber

51
Q

Gamma motor neurons are associated with which of the following structures?

Golgi tendon organs

Secondary myofibers

Muscle spindles

Purkinje Fibers

A

Muscle spindles

52
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrocartilage?

Type II collagen

Not surrounded by a perichondrium

Found in intervertebral discs Increased collagen in the matrix

Neither A nor B are characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

Type II Collagen

53
Q

ID the layer Inner plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer

A

Inner nuclear layer

54
Q

Which of the following is not part of a Haversian System? Periosteum Lacunae Lamellae Volkmann Canals Canaliculi

A

Periosteum

55
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following? Osteoprotegerin M-CSF RANKL All of the above Only B and C

A

Only B and C

56
Q

The following photomicrograph shows a portion of an epiphyseal plate. The specific region of the growth plate indicated by the letter “A” represents which of the following growth plate zones?

Calcification zone

Proliferative

Zone Reserve Zone

Hypertrophic Zone

A

Proliferative Zone

57
Q

Which of the following sequences represents the correct lineage for a neutrophil?

Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, neutrophil

Myeloblast, metamyelocyte, promyelocyte, band cell, myelocyte, neutrophil

Metamyelocyte, myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, band cell, neutrophil

Myelocyte, promyelocyte, band cell, metamyelocyte, myeloblast, neutrophil

A

Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band cell, neutrophil

58
Q

The granulocyte/macrophage colony forming unit gives rise to monocytes and also to which of the following kinds of mature blood cells? Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Erythrocytes

A

Neutrophils

59
Q

Which of the following represents the area of the highest visual acuity?

Ora serrata

Optic disc

Fovea centralis

Macula densa

A

Fovea centralis

60
Q

The optic nerve is a bundle of axons that originates from which of the following cell types?

Photosensitive cells

Amacrine cells

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

Mueller cells

A

Ganglion cells

61
Q

Photosensitive pigments are associated with which of the following segments of a photosensitive cell?

Spherule

Pedicle Cell Body

Inner Segment

Outer Segment

A

Outer segment

62
Q

ID the type of cell shown in this slide Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocyte Basophil Eosinophil

A

Lymphocyte

63
Q

Which of the following types of cells stain with toluidine blue and are characterized by large metachromatic granules containing histamine, ECF-A, SRS-A, and heparin? Fibrocytes Plasma Cells Mast Cells Macrophages

A

Mast Cells

64
Q

Which of the following types of cells possess prominent Golgi and extensive RER and are described as having pale nuclei with a “clock-face” distribution of heterochromatin?

Fibrocytes

Plasma Cells

Mast Cells

Macrophages

A

Plasma Cells

65
Q

Which of the following transcription factors induces proliferation and self-renewal of satellite cells allowing them to become mitotic in times of stress?

MyoD

Erythropoietin

Myogenic regulatory Factor

My5

Alpha-7-Beta-1 Integrin

A

MyoD

66
Q

Histiocytes, dust cells, microglia, and Kupffer Cells are all forms of which of the following?

Fibrocytes

Plasma Cells

Mast Cells

Macrophages

A

Macrophages

67
Q

ID the tissue type Hyaline Cartilage Adipose Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Dense Bone

A

Hyaline Cartilage

68
Q

ID the structure by the letter “A”: Canaliculi Osteocyte Lamella Lacuna

A

Lacuna

69
Q

ID Tissue Type Hyaline Cartilage Dense Bone Trabecular Bone Wharton’s jelly

A

Trabecular Bone

70
Q

Which of the following types of collagen forms a meshwork in basement membranes? Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V

A

Type IV

71
Q

Which of the following types of cells are associated with the blood-brain barrier? Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells Microglial Cells

A

Astrocytes

72
Q

Fast axonal transport (400 mm per day) is used to transport synaptic vesicles and neurotransmitters. Which of the following characteristics apply to this mechanism?

Kinesin motor proteins and anterograde transport

Cytoplasmic dynein motor proteins and anterograde transport

Kinesin motor proteins and retrograde transport

Cytoplasmic dynein motor proteins and retrograde transport

A

Kinesin motor proteins and anterograde transport

ZZZZKCU Comprehensive Exam Review Andy (13 decks)

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