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1016MSC anatomy & physiology > endocrine > Flashcards

endocrine Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The anterior pituitary has a ________ connection to the hypothalamus, whereas the posterior pituitary has a ________ connection to it
    a) vascular, neural
    b) neural, vascular
    c) neural, neural
    d) artial, vascular
A

a) vascular, neural

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2
Q
  1. What is permissiveness?
    a) The summative effect of different hormones
    b) When a hormone opposes the effect of another
    c) When one hormone must be present for another to act
    d) When a hormone inhibits the effect of another
A

c) When one hormone must be present for another to act

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3
Q
  1. What does TRH do?
    a) promote the release of TSH and PRL
    b) promote the release of TSH & PRL
    c) promote the release thyrotropin hormone
    d) promote the release of thyrotropin and thyroid stimulating hormone
A

a) promote the release of TSH and PRL

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4
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a stimulus for ADH secretion?
    a) decreased blood volume
    b) decreased blood pressure
    c) increased blood osmolality
    d) decreased blood osmolality
A

d) decreased blood osmolality

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5
Q
  1. Which of the following is true?
    a) increased secretion of growth hormone after puberty result in gigantism
    b) hyposecretion of TH in adults is called cretinism and is involved in hyposecretion of thyroid hormone
    c) patients diagnosed with myxedema are easily treated with hormone replacement therapy
    d) Grave’s disease is caused by autoimmune antibodies which activate the TSH receptor on follicle cells
A

d) Grave’s disease is caused by autoimmune antibodies which activate the TSH receptor on follicle cells

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6
Q
  1. Which of the following is matched incorrectly?
    a) Zona glomerulosa → mineralocorticoids
    b) Zona reticularis → sex hormones
    c) Zona fasciculata → aldosterone
    d) Adrenal medulla → adrenaline/noradrenaline
A

c) Zona fasciculata → aldosterone

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7
Q
  1. Which of the following is true of alpha and beta cells?
    a) alpha cells secrete insulin whereas beta cells secrete glucagon
    b) alpha cells secrete glucagon whereas beta cells secrete insulin
    c) alpha and beta cells are both contained within the pancreatic islets
    d) both B and C are correct
A

d) both B and C are correct

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8
Q
  1. What is polydipsia?
    a) excessive thirst
    b) excessive hunger
    c) excessive volumes of urine
A

a) excessive thirst

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9
Q
  1. Adipose tissue is not considered part of the endocrine system, but it may have endocrine tissue that secretes hormones. What hormone is associated with adipose tissue that is key to the endocrine system?
    a) EPO
    b) ANP
    c) Gastrin and Secretin
    d) Leptin
A

d) Leptin

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10
Q
  1. What is pheochromocytoma?
    a) hypersecretion of catecholamines due to tumour of adrenal medulla
    b) excess cortisol secretion
    c) deficits in mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
    d) excess aldosterone secretion released by a hypersecreting tumo
A

a) hypersecretion of catecholamines due to tumour of adrenal medulla

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11
Q
  1. What is untrue about thyroid hormones?
    They stimulate enzymes for glucose oxidation
    They are permissive for growth hormone
    They work antagonistically with reproductive hormones
    The increase the number of adrenergic receptors in blood vessels
A

They work antagonistically with reproductive hormones

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12
Q 
12. Which of the following conditions influences the production of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids?
Conn’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome
Addison’s disease
All of the above
A

Addison’s disease

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13
Q 
13. Which of the following hormones causes hyperglycaemia?
Glucagon
Adrenaline
Thyroid hormone
All of the above
A

All of the above

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14
Q 
14. What is linked to adrenogenital syndrome?
Masculinisation of females
Feminisation of males
Delayed puberty
Premature puberty
A

Masculinisation of females

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15
Q 
15. Where is oxytocin produced?
Posterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus 
Neurohypophysis
A

Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

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16
Q 
16. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the pancreas?
Beta cells secrete insulin 
F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic islet is surrounded by acini
Alpha cells secrete somatostat
A

Alpha cells secrete somatostat

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17
Q 
17. PTH is secreted by which gland/cells?
Parafollicular cells
Follicular cells
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
A

Parathyroid gland

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18
Q

Q2. Explain the term “tropic hormone”.

A

Tropic hormones are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target. Most tropic hormones are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

Q3. List the tropic hormones.

A

Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) – stimulates the thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormone. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) – stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids. lutenising hormone follicle stimulating hormone

20
Q

Q4. What is the hypophyseal portalsystem and what is its significance?

A

The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary gland.

21
Q
  1. Name the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland. What does it
    consist of?
A

infundibulum houses hypothalamic hypophseal tracct and transports release and inhibiting hormones to anterior lobe via a portal system (veins). antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are transported to the posterior lobe via axonal transport

22
Q

Q6. Explain the mechanism of release of the posterior pituitary hormones into the systemic
circulation.

A

oxytocin and ADH transported down axons and stored in PP then receives a message via an action potential to release hormones into circulatory system.

23
Q

Q7. Suckling is an important stimulus for release of:

(a) oxytocin
(b) ADH
(c) oestrogen;
(d) FSH;

A

(a) oxytocin

24
Q 
Q8. You have consumed a six-pack of beer in the course of an evening. The intake of alcohol can decrease the
release of which hormone?
(a) ACTH
(a) oxytocin
ADH
(c) insulin
(d) TSH
A

ADH

25
Q 
Q9. Which hormone causes contraction of smooth muscle surrounding milk glands of the mammary
gland?
(a) oxytocin
(c) TSH
(d) GH
(e) prolactin
A

oxytocin

26
Q

Q10. Describe negative feedback control of the release of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary
hormones by hormones secreted from the target endocrine glands. Provide an example.

A

GnRH promotes secretion of FSH and LH. stimulates the production of follicles in the ovaries

27
Q

Q12. If a head injury damaged the region of the hypothalamus where the ADH-secreting neurons are
located, what do you anticipate could be the effect on the patient?

A

inability to release urine, resulting in kidney damage and failure.

28
Q

Q13. Is growth hormone a tropic hormone or not? Describe why or why not.

A

no. Non-tropic hormones are hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects.

29
Q

Q14. Does acromegly follow an excess or deficiency of growth hormone, and what happens to those who
suffer acromegly and why

A

excess. facial bones thicken.

30
Q

Q1. The pancreas secretes two hormones that affect metabolism – what are they, what stimulates their
release, and to what effect?

A

alpha and beta cells

31
Q

Q2. Where are pancreatic alpha cells located and what do they secrete, similarly, where are pancreatic beta
cells located and what do they secrete?

A

alpha cells secrete glucagon to raise blood glucose
beta cells secrete insulin to lower blood glucose
both found in islets of langerhans

32
Q

Q3. What tissues or glands produce testosterone in males, and what does testosterone achieve?

A

testes maturation, 2dry sexual characteristics sex drive

sperm production, voice adams apple

33
Q

Q4. What tissues or glands produce oestrogen in females, and what does oestrogen achieve?

A

ovaries maturation repro organs, 2ndry sex characteristics, breasts, cyclic changes

34
Q

Q5. Where is the pineal gland located, what does it secrete, and which physiological processes is primarily
affected by this hormone

A

hangs from roof of 3rd ventricle in diencephalon, secrets melatonin. circadian variation, temp, sleep. suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibits melatonin daylight. paraventricular nucleus stimulates via newrons in upper spine and neck in the dark

35
Q

Q6. The thymus is unique in the body since it is generally a vestigial gland in adults, but active in children –
where is it located and what processes is it involved in controlling?

A

chest only in children, atrophies. develops t cells for immune.

36
Q

Q7. There are a wide range of organs, not primarily known as endocrine organs, which nevertheless have an
important role in hormone secretion; ANP from the atria of the heart is an example. List four more
non-glandular organs and an important hormone each releases.

A

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide from the heart.
gastrointestinal tract gastrin, cholecystokinin,
placenta - human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)

37
Q

name the 4 layers of the adrenal gland

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis
Adrenal medulla

38
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from

A

Zona glomerulosa

39
Q

Prime function of a mineralocorticoid

A

enhances absorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium

40
Q

where is renin secreted from

A

kidneys

41
Q

where is ANP secreted from

A

atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted from the heart

42
Q

where is angiotensin 2 synthesized

A

synthesized in the kidney converted from 1 to 2 with ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) produced in the lungs.

43
Q

What does RAAS stand for

A

renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system. stimulates aldosterone secretion triggered by low blood pressure

44
Q

name the glucocorticoid involved in chronic stress response

A

cortisol

45
Q

what hormones are the androgens precursors for

A

testosterone and estrogen

1016MSC anatomy & physiology (4 decks)

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