Task 1

Question 1

3 types of memory

Answer 1

1. Sensory memory
2. Short-term memory (STM)
3. Long-term memory (LTM)

Question 2

1. Sensory memory

Answer 2

brief, transient sensations of what has just been perceived

• -> information automatically and rapidly decays
• -> information first flows into this memory

Question 3

2. Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 3

temporary memory that can be maintained as long as it is rehearsed/consciously attended to
–> elements sensory information that are attended to are transitioned to STM

Question 4

3. Long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 4

memories can be retained for long periods, or permanently, without requiring ongoing maintenance/conscious attention
–> they go through processes in STM and in some cases are transferred into LTM

Question 5

Iconic memory

Answer 5

critical for recognising and processing briefly presented information

Question 6

Memory is limited

Answer 6

• in capacity

- to what we can pay attention to

Question 7

Depth of processing

Answer 7

level of activity devoted to processing new information

• it refuted Atkinson and Shiffrin’s view that passive rehearsal alone is sufficient to transfer information from STM to LTM
• it enhances storage more, because it creates richer web of connections among stored memories, facilitating later retrieval

Question 8

Baddeley’s working-memory model

Answer 8

it describes working memory as consisting of visuo-spatial sketchpad and a phonological loop, both controlled by a central executive and stored separately

Question 9

Baddeley’s working-memory model

It makes two important types of distinctions

Answer 9

1. It distinguishes between two processes

2. Its two buffers are material-specific

Question 10

1. It distinguishes between two processes

Baddeley’s working-memory model

Answer 10

between Manipulation and Maintenance

Manipulation:
- depends on central executive

Maintenance:
- requires rehearsal of information in two memory buffers

Question 11

2. Its two buffers are material-specific

Baddeley’s working-memory model

Answer 11

• -> one stores verbal material and

- -> the other stored object and location material

Question 12

Visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS)

Answer 12

• mental workspace for storing and manipulating both visual and spatial information
• it is limited in its capacity

Question 13

Phonological loop (PL)

Answer 13

• it holds auditory memories, maintaining them by means of internal speech rehearsal
• internal/unspoken speech used during rehearsal is key to phonological loop and verbal working memory
• -> if internal rehearsal is disrupted, storage cannot occur

Question 14

Central executive of working memory

Answer 14

for working memory updates it by receiving and evaluating sensory information, moving items into and retrieving them from LTM and deciding which memories are needed for which tasks

• keeping track of goals, planning how to achieve them, and determining priorities
• Central executive also allows us to inhibit a habitual response that was developed and shift our attention to an alternative, context-specific rule that we must remember
• -> f.e. Stroop task

Question 15

Tower of Hanoi

Answer 15

solving it requires a lot of manipulation of working memory

Question 16

Task switching

Answer 16

requires manipulation of working memory, because we put pay attention to ongoing task while monitoring external cues for information that may signal need to switch to another task

–> Wisconsin Card Sort Test

Question 17

Damage to frontal lobes

Answer 17

shows deficits on all working-memory and executive-control tasks

–> in absence of an executive-control system, we are no longer guided by long-term goals or task-specific contraints

Question 18

Mapping Baddeley’s model onto PFC anatomy

Answer 18

Dorsal and ventral regions of prefrontal cortex perform qualitatively different processes

Question 19

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Mapping Baddeley’s model onto PFC anatomy

Answer 19

Supports higher-order executive-control functions –> such as monitoring and manipulating stored information

Question 20

Lesions to Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Mapping Baddeley’s model onto PFC anatomy

Answer 20

produce severe deficits in temporal ordering, which requires active manipulation of working memory
- patients may show impairments in delay-response tasks and connot determines which containers have already been emptied and which still have a reward

Question 21

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Mapping Baddeley’s model onto PFC anatomy

Answer 21

supports encoding and retrieval of information (passive rehearsal for maintenance), performing roles of visuo-spatial sketchpad (right) and phonological rehearsal loops (left) as proposed by Baddeley’s model

Question 22

During encoding of new semantic information, left VLPFC can be dissected:
(Mapping Baddeley’s model onto PFC anatomy)

Answer 22

• anterior regions - activated during tasks involving semantic processing
• posterior regions - activated during phonological processing

Question 23

Damage to left PFC

Answer 23

shows deficits to verbal working memory

–> language tends to be left-lateralised in the brain

Question 24

Verbal working memory

Answer 24

the ability to remember something and to perform an activity using this memory

Question 25

Multistore Model of memory
(also known as the Modal Model)
Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Answer 25

They proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)