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Theme 1 - 204 > Innate Immunity 2 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells can carry out phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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2
Q

What are the innate immune cells?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Natural Killer cells

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3
Q

What do cytokines do to blood vessels?

A

Dilate them, making them more permeable which allows immune cells to pass through

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4
Q

What is leukocyte extravasation?

A

The movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage / injury

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5
Q

What are examples of cell adhesion molecules?

A

ICAM-1 and ICAM-2

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6
Q

Where are cell adhesion molecules located and what do they bind to?

A

Found on the endothelium and they bind to interns on leukocytes

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7
Q

What are integrins?

A

Transmembrane proteins that are involved in the adhesion of cells to each other and also to their substrates.

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The capture and digestion of foreign material

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9
Q

What are examples of opsonins?

A

Complement components (C3b)

Collectins (e.g. MBL)

Antibodies

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10
Q

What are examples of phagocytic receptors?

A

Complement receptors
Fc receptors
Mannose receptors
Scavenger receptors

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11
Q

What are the steps of receptor mediated phagocytosis?

A

1) Phagocytic receptor recognises a component of microbial surface and binds to the microorganism
2) Microorganism gets internalised by receptor-mediated endocytosis
3) Fusion of the endoscope with a lysosome forms a phagolysosome and the microorganism gets broken down

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12
Q

What are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and how do they work?

A

A special form of cell death that some neutrophils can undergo when activated (NETosis)

During this, nuclear chromatin gets released by cells - trapping microorganisms and aiding phagocytosis

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13
Q

What do Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognise?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

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14
Q

What are some examples of PRRs?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

NOD-like receptors

Rig-I like receptors (RLRs)

Cystosolic DNA sensors (CDS)

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15
Q

What does DAMPs stand for and where are they released from?

A

Damage-assocaited molecular patterns

Released from necrotic cells

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16
Q

Due to the rapid evolution of microorganisms, what do PAMPs detect?

A

Highly conserved and essential components of microbes

E.g. cell wall structures and nucleic acids

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17
Q

What are the two sections of Toll-like receptors?

A

Extracellular side which has LRRs (Leucine-rich repeats) that are the site of pathogen binding

Cytosolic with a TIR-domain which is a conserved stretch of roughly 200 amino acids

18
Q

How are TLRs able to form heterosexual/homodimers?

A

TLR-1 and TLR-2 have binding sites for lipid side chains of triacyl lipopeptides.

Binding of each TLR to the same lipopeptide then induces dimerisation.

19
Q

Where can TLRs be found?

A

Cell surface and endosome surface

20
Q

Which TLRs are found on the cell surface and which TLRs are found on the endosome surface?

A

Cell surface = TLR 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6

Endosomal = TLR 3, 7, 8, 9, 1o

21
Q

What type of microorganism’s products do TLRs detect?

A

Cell surface = Bacterial

Endosomal = Viral

22
Q

How is TLR signalling able to aid host defence?

A

Induces genes involved in host defence (e.g. chemokines and antimicrobial peptides)

23
Q

What is Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia?

A

A rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma caused by a MyD88 (protein) gain of function mutation.

B cells make large amounts of IgM which can cause excessive bleeding, vision problems and headaches.

Lymphoma cells proliferating in the bone marrow can cause anaemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

24
Q

What are Nod-like receptors?

A

Cytoplasmic PRR molecules and they are nucleotide-binding leucine rich (NLR)

25
Q

What do the Leucine-rich domains of nod-like receptors bind to?

A

Peptidoglycan which is present on the cell membrane of most bacteria

26
Q

What is is the difference between NOD1 and NOD2?

A

They detect similar, yet distinct, peptides of peptidoglycan.

NOD1 binds to y-glutamyl diaminopimelic acid (mainly gram -ve bacteria)

NOD2 binds to muramyl dipeptide (both gram +ve and -ve bacteria)

27
Q

What is a NOD2 gain of function mutation associated with?

A

Early onset of sarcoidosis

28
Q

What is a NOD2 loss of function mutation associated with?

A

Susceptibility to Crohn’s disease

29
Q

What are the two main groups of Nod-like receptors?

A

NLRCs (C = Caspase recruitment domain)

NLRPs (P = Pyrin domain)

30
Q

What can activate NLRP3?

A
  • K+ efflux
  • ATP
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • Lysosomal damage
31
Q

What is the inflammasome (formed by NLRP3) essential for the secretion of?

A

IL-1 and IL-18

Activates them by cleaving their pro-forms

32
Q

What is a gain of function mutation in NLRP3 called?

A

Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS)

33
Q

What are the two types of Cryopyrin-Associate Periodic Syndromes (CAPS)?

A

Muckle Wells Syndrome: Can occur spontaneously or be triggered by cold, heat, fatigue or other stresses.

Familial cold auto inflammatory syndrome: Very rare and is triggered by exposure to cold.

34
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Muckle wells syndrome?

A

Fever
Rash
Conjunctivitis
Sensorineural deafness

35
Q

What are some of the symptoms of familial cold auto inflammatory syndrome?

A

Fever
Urticarial rash
Arthralgia (pain in joint)
Headache

36
Q

How can both CAPS be treated?

A

With anakinra (IL-1RA)

37
Q

What is the cause of CAPS?

A

Mutation in exon 3 of the NLRP3 gene, which leads to the overproduction of IL-1

38
Q

What do RIG-I receptors bind to?

A

Cytoplasmic RNA

39
Q

What do RIG-I receptors induce?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons (IFN)

40
Q

What type of RNA do RIG-I receptors bind to?

A

Single stranded RNA that contains 5’-triphosphate

41
Q

What are the stages of the acute phase response?

A

1) Cytokines (e.g. TNF, IL-6 or IL-1) induce the response during infection and/or inflammation
2) This induces opsonisation and phagocytosis
3) Can activate the complement pathways and it also raises erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)

42
Q

Where are acute phase proteins mainly produced?

A

The liver

Theme 1 - 204 (6 decks)

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