SUMMARY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HEALTH

Question 1

What are the two types of TB?

Answer 1

1. TB bronchopneumonia

2. Miliary TB `

Question 2

What occurs in tuburculosis bronchopneumonia?

Answer 2

• Distributed throughout the alveolar spaces (take up with dead tissue- dead macrophages attract other cells =debris-fills space)
• T cells present with fibroblasts (there because macrophages produce growth factors e.g. FgF and platelet derived growth factor

Question 3

What do FgF and platelet derived growth factor do?

Answer 3

• These activate fibroblasts to PROTECT lung tissue - to stop TB infecting other areas of lung tissue
• BUT when fibroblasts activated they produce COLLAGEN

Question 4

In TB bronchopneumonia, what do fibroblasts produce when activated?

Answer 4

• COLLAGEN

Question 5

When does Miliary TB occur?

Answer 5

• Progression of TB broncho–> miliary
• Bacterium and macrophage produce proteins (e.g. collagenases)–> breaks down tissue and blood vessles –> therefore bacterium enters into blood supply (gets access to ALL ORGANS)

Question 6

Why do we get scarring of the lungs in asthma?

Answer 6

• Because macrophsges produce fibroblasts–> collagen –> scarring of lungs
• Goblet cell hyperplasia (increased number of clels that can produce the mucous –> IL-4 and IL-13 acting on goblet cells)

Question 7

Which 4 factors can contribute to autoimmune diseases?

Answer 7

• genetics (MHC)
• Cytokine/receptor
• Immune regulation
• environment (infection, diet, geography)

Question 8

When can a pathology result?

Answer 8

• If the immune system cross reacts with the self antigens
• e.g. certain surgsrs on microorganisms that have HIGH similarity to sugars on our own tissue cells –> like step bacteria –> plasma cells produce antibodies that bind to surgsrs on wall of throat but can also bind to surgars on muscle. (cardiomyocytes and bicuspid + mitral valves)=death

Question 9

What is the primary imminodefficiency a result of ?

Answer 9

• Genetic (1 degree)
  e. g. Agammaglobulinaemia (B cell mutation)
• congenital thymic aplasia (T cell mutations)
• Combined immuno-defficiency

Question 10

What is the secondary immunidefficiency to do with?

Answer 10

• Acquired (second degree)
• e.g. HIV induced AIDs
• Miscellaneous immunidefficiencies

Question 11

What is HIV?

Answer 11

• Retrovirus (targets CD4 population)

Question 12

What are some of the symptoms of AIDS?

Answer 12

• Aids related complex develops
• Reduced CD4+ T cell numbers (below 350microL)
• Weight loss
• Persistant generalised (all over body) lymphadenopathy (enlargment of lymph nodes)