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WEEK 12 SEM 4 > The scientific basis of vaccines > Flashcards

The scientific basis of vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is smallpox caused by?

A

variola virus

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2
Q

What is variolation?

A
  • used to be used in the olden days
  • take healing lesions of smallpox
  • take scabs of their skin
  • inject people with them
  • prevent other people from getting smallpox
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3
Q

Why do you have to take a scab that was already healed?

A
  • the virus has died

- antigen is there

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4
Q

What is variola minor?

A
  • mild version

- will recover

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5
Q

What is variola major?

A
  • causes death
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6
Q

What other disease can prevent you from getting smallpox?

A

cowpox

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7
Q

What did louis pasteur introduce the concept of?

A
  • attenuation = change organisms from their disease causing state to those used in vaccines
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8
Q

What are some principles from Jenner’s experiments?

A
  • challenge dose of an organism leads to protection from infection
  • attenuation (make organism weaker and less virulent) still causes immune response
  • prior exposure of agent boosts immunity
  • cross species protection and antigen similarity (i.e. using cowpox against smallpox)
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9
Q

What were the reasons that made the eradication of smallpox easy?

A
  • no subclinical infection
  • once the disease is eradicated from the body, there are no carrier statuses (e.g. no asymptomatic shedding or reactivation)
  • no animal reservoir- you cant get it from anywhere else in the environment
  • there is an effective vaccine
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10
Q

After a small pox vaccination, what does the scar look like?

A
  • diff to BCG scar
  • like a star
    (bc they used sharp blade to inoculate the virus)
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11
Q

What is a vaccine?

A
  • material from an organism that actively enhances adaptive immunity
  • boosts and enhances immunity to give protective immune response
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12
Q

How is tetanus vaccinated against?

A
  • tetanus is toxin mediated disease
    (it is a gram positive rod which forms spores)
  • if you get it under your skin, it forms a neurotoxin
  • the vaccination neutralizes the toxin
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13
Q

What do vaccines mainly focus on?

A
  • antibodies

- but there must be interaction between Th cells and B cells to get a right immune response

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14
Q

What should a vaccine do?

A
  • protect an individual from disease

- protect a population from disease

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15
Q

What should the vaccine uptake rate balance with?

A

Reservoirs of infection

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16
Q

What can cause a decrease in the number of vaccinations taken?

A
  • if parents think that vaccines cause autism etc.
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17
Q

What is the point of herd immunity?

A
  • herd immunity is boosted by periodic outbreaks of diseases in the community
  • we need to keep vaccine rates high bc there isnt any natural boosting
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18
Q

What are the complications of measles?

A
  • 1 in 15 children got secondary pneumonia, middle ear infections, bronchitis bc measles compromises the immune system
  • 1 in 30 children could have serious consequences resulting in death
    − 1 in 5000 children develop encephalitis (infection of the brain) with 15% mortality
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19
Q

What are the side effects of the vaccines for measles?

A
  • 1 in 1000 children got a fever or a compulsion

- 1 in 400,000 children develop meningoencephalitis which would go away with no harm what so ever

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20
Q

What does diphtheria cause?

A
  • upper respiratory tract inflammation
  • bulging neck
  • difficulty breathing
  • 5% mortality
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21
Q

What does the vaccine against diphtheria cause?

A

occasional swelling in the arm

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22
Q

What does whooping cough cause?

A
  • high mortality rates in neonates
  • lots of coughing
  • secondary bacterial pneumonia
  • encephalopathy
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23
Q

What does the whooping cough vaccine cause?

A

1 in 600,000 people get encephalopathy which heals itself without any problems

24
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

active

passive

25
Q

What is active immunity?

A
  • combination of B and T cells

- long lasting memory

26
Q

What is passive immunity?

A
  • short term

- giving antibodies

27
Q

What are examples of passive immunity?

A
  • concentrated formulations of antibodies:
  • high titre against varicalla zoster virus
  • horse serum with high ttre antibodies against tetanus= WW1- stop wound infections
  • give mother who has hepB Ig against hepB to stop baby getting infection
28
Q

Whathappens on the 1st exposure to an antigen?

A
  1. get IgM
  2. IgG
  3. somatic maturation
  4. High affinity IgG
  5. memory B and T cells are laid down
29
Q

Why cant you vaccinate against the flu or common cold?

A
  • because if you vaccinate
  • on secondary exposure, you get a rapid response that takes 2 days for a full immune response
  • flu and common cold only take a few hours to cause disease
  • so response wont be quick enough
30
Q

What is an immuno-protective antigen?

A

on the surface of the vaccine

31
Q

Give examples of intracellular organisms?

A
  • shigella
  • listeria
  • Tb
  • salmonella
32
Q

How do you get rid of intracellular organisms?

A
  • cant have antibodies for them because there is no point

- needT cell type of immune response

33
Q

Where does polio virus enter?

A

gut

and then blood

34
Q

What is used to get rid of polio?

A

IgA in gut

IgG in blood

35
Q

How do you get rid of yellow fever?

A

cytotoxic T cells

antibodies for opsonization and phagocytosis

36
Q

Where do parentral vaccines (not taken through GIT) have a good response?

A

good systemic response

37
Q

Where do oral vaccines have a good response?

A 
good mucosal response
producing IgA (bc antigens are processed by mucosa associated lymphoid tissue MALT)
38
Q

Where does Bacterial Meningitis
–
H. Influenzae begin?

A
  • starts off with nasopharyngitis
  • then you get
  • middle ear infections, bronchitis, secondary pneumonia, epiglottitis, and something called croup (inflamed bronchus cough)
39
Q

What can bacterial meningitis lead to?

A

sepsis if it gets systemic

40
Q

When is the incidence of haemophilus?

A
  • in the first 2 years
  • more age, less incidence
  • the amount of antibody we need against it doesnt develop until ag of 2
  • bc the main virulent component of the bacteria is polysaccharide capsule
  • and we dont make antibodies for the capsule until 2
41
Q

When do you give MMR vaccine?

A
  • it is made of live attenuated viruses (weakened viruses)
  • if give MMR to child being breastfed, the child has maternal antibodies which will neutralize against MMR
  • and then when these antibodies wear off, the baby wont have immunization to MMR
  • so give MMR vaccine at 1y/o when maternal antibodies have gone
42
Q

How is polio vaccine given?

A

oral drop

43
Q

What vaccines are given orally?

A

cholera
typhoid
rotavirus

44
Q

What are the benefits of oral vaccinations?

A
  • avoids needles
  • mimics natural route of infection
  • mucosal surfaces have large surface area- so large SA for MALT to detect antigens
  • much better IgA protection
  • allows better humoral immunity bc more lymphocytes are traficked to mucosal surfaces
45
Q

What is a polytypic organism?

A
  • e.g. influenza
  • constant mutation of its surface
  • so immune response against 1 strain wont protect you from another strain
46
Q

What is a monotypic organism?

A

measles

47
Q

What are the types of vaccines?

A
  • live, attenuated organisms

- killed whole organism

48
Q

What are live attenuated organisms?

A
  • alive

- no longer virulent

49
Q

Give examples of live attenuated organism vaccines?

A
  • BCG which is based on mycobacterium bovis which causes bovine Tb
  • the old polio oral vaccine has three live viral particles
  • MMR are attenuated viruses
  • yellow fever
  • varicella zoster
50
Q

What were the 3 types of polio vaccines?

A
  • type 1 had 57 mutations done to it to make it avirulent (to make the virus weak)
  • type 2 and 3 only had a few mutations that made it attenuated (weak)

some places type 2 and 3 could revert to wild type (infection causing)
- virus could be seen in babies nappies

51
Q

What are examples of whole killed organism vaccinations?

A
  • whooping cough virus (pertussis)
  • old flu vaccine
  • current polio vaccine
  • cholera
  • hepA
52
Q

Which vaccine type needs to have boosters?

A

killed organism vaccine

  • live attenuated vaccines can survive in the body for longer
  • so you get continual exposure to antigens
  • good immunoprotection from a single dose
53
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

based on proteins, inactivated toxins, peptides, or

polysaccharide capsules on the outside of organisms

54
Q

Why can polysaccharid capsules be a problem for babies to deal with?

A
  • polysaccharide= poor antigens for children under the age of 2
  • so conjugate polysaccharide with proteins
55
Q

What is a DNA vaccine?

A
  • inject a DNA that encodes for a certain antigen into a muscle
  • DNA is transcribed and translated
  • it makes a protein that stimulates an immune response
56
Q

Which bacterial infections produce toxins?

A
  • cholera
  • tetanus
  • botulism
  • whooping cough
  • diphtheria
57
Q

What do we do to the toxins?

A
  • purify the toxins, inactivate them forming a toxoid
  • toxoids, are injected
  • antibodies are made against them
  • these antibodies will come and block the toxin should someone get infected by the organism

WEEK 12 SEM 4 (5 decks)

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