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Pharmocolgy > Fluid and electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

This category of vitamins are metabolized slowly, stored in fatty tissue, liver, and muscle, excreted slowly in urine:

A

A,D,E,K

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2
Q

This category of vitamins are not stored in the body, readily excreted in the urine, minimal protein binding:

A

Water soluble vitamins: B-vitamins, B-12, Vitamin C, folic acid

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3
Q

This vitamin enbles eyes to adjust to changes in the light, maintain healthy eyes, gums, and skin; develps healthy teeth and bones, regulates fat metabolism in formation of cholesterol; what category of vitamins does it belong to

A

A; fat-soluble

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4
Q

Dry skin, poor teeth development, night blindness are deficiency conditions are caused by what lack of vitamin:

A

A

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5
Q

This vitamin promotes the use of phospherous and Ca for strong teeth and bone; what category of vitamin does this vitamin belong to:

A

D; fat-soluble

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6
Q

Rickets, osteomalacia are caused by what vitamin deficiency:

A

D

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7
Q

This vitamin is an antioxident that protects RBCs/WBCs from destruction, protects A, C, and fatty acids from destruction; may prolong prothrombin time, consideration w/iron; what category does this vitamin belong to:

A

E; fat-soluble

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8
Q

This vitamin aids in prothrombin formation and blood coagulation; what category of vitamins does it belong to:

A

K; fat-soluble vitamins

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9
Q

Increased clotting time, which leads to increased bleeding and hemorrhage is caused by what vitamin deficiency:

A

k

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10
Q

This category of vitamins promotes a sense of well being and increased energy as well as decrease anger, tension, and irritability are:

A

the complex B vitamins

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11
Q

What type of vitamin helps to convert carbohydrates into energy; helps transmit nerve impulses:

A

Thiamine/B-1

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12
Q

Beriberi and Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome associated with EtOH abuse are deficiencies caused by what lack of vitamin:

A

Thiamine

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13
Q

This vitamin is given to manage dermatologic problems;treats migrane HA:

A

B2/ riobflavin

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14
Q

This vitamin is given to alleviate pellagra, hyperlipidemia, can cause GI irritation and vasodilation in lrg doses is caused by:

A

B-3/Niacin

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15
Q

This vitamin alleviates S/S of neuritis (nerve inflammation) caused by INH therapy for TB; is an essential building block for nucleic acids/RBCs, and synthesis of Hgb: What’s another name for it:

A

B6; pyridoxine

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16
Q

Vitamins that are taken frequently are take: prophylactically or therapeutically:

A

prophylactically

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17
Q

What vitamin is given to treat V B6 deficiency d/t lack of adequate diet or certain medications; also given for neonates with SZ:

A

B6/pyridoxine

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18
Q

What’s another name for B6

A

pyridoxine

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19
Q

What vitamin aids in the absorption of iron and in the conversion of folic acid; is used to tx/heal wounds by building new tissue, ESSENTIAL in the formation of collagen:

A

C; water-soluble

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20
Q

This vitamin is given to tx scurvy, wound healing and burns, to perserve the integrity of bld vessels:

A

C; water-soluble

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21
Q

Massive doses of vitamins that can cause toxicity resulting in a minimum desired effect is defined as:

A

megavitamin therapy

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22
Q

Why is it important to gradually d/c megavitamin therapy:

A

to prevent vitamin deficiency

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23
Q

This vitamin is essential for body growth; needed for DNA SYNTHESIS:

A

folic acid (folate)

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24
Q

What could cause folate (folic acid deficiencies:

A

chronic EtOH; poor nutritional intake, pregnancy

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25
Q

Anorexia, N/D, fatigue, alopecia, and is not notice until 2-4 mo after storage depletion is caused by what lack of vitamin:

A

Folate 9folic acid)

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26
Q

A lack of what vitamin can affect the development of the CNS of the fetus and cause spina bifida (neural tube defects) and anencephaly:

A

folic acid (folate)

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27
Q

What is the recommended dose for folate in addition to dietary supplement in pregnant women:

A

400 mcg

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28
Q

This vitamin is essential for DNA synthesis, aids in the conversion of folic acid to its active form to promote cellular division; aids in proper formation of RBCs in bone marrow:

A

B12

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29
Q

GI disorders (commonly seen in strict vegetarians) is caused by a lack of what vitamin:

A

B12

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30
Q

What vitamin is given to treat GI surgeries or lack of B12:

A

cyanocobalamin (another name for B12)

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31
Q

This mineral is vital for Hgb regeneration; controls or corrects anemia:

A

Iron

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32
Q

What are the types of iron:

A

ferrous gluconate; ferrous sulfate; ferrous fumarate

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33
Q

What is the prophylactic amount of ferrous sulfate given:

A

300-325 mg

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34
Q

What is the therapeutic amount of ferrous sulfate given:

A

600-1200 mg daily in divided doses

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35
Q

What can occur if you take abx with iron:

A

Iron decreases absorption of Abx

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36
Q

What can occur if vitamin c is taken with iron:

A

Vitamin C increases iron absorption

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37
Q

What can occur if dairy is taken with iron:

A

Dairy decreases iron absorption

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38
Q

What are some important pt teaching when taking iron:

A

increase fluids, activity, and bulk foods

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39
Q

How should liquid iron be administered:

A

with a straw

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40
Q

What kind of changes in stool would you expect when taking iron:

A

green or black color

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41
Q

Who is at most risk for iron poisoning:

A

children (iron looks like candy)

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42
Q

What is primary hemochromatosis:

A

genetic disorder that cause an increased absorption of iron

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43
Q

What is secondary hemochromatosis:

A

Increased iron absorption d/t blood transfusions

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44
Q

This mineral produces neurotransmitters: dopamine and norepi; is needed for the formation of RBCs and CT:

A

copper

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45
Q

WHat is the average dose a day for copper:

A

1.5-3 mg/day

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46
Q

An excess in this mineral can cause wilson’s disease (ring around the eye):

A

copper

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47
Q

A lack of this mineral causes anemia, decreased WBCs/skin and hair pigmentation; and glucose intolerance:

A

copper

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48
Q

This mineral is important for enzymatic reactions; essential for growth and tissue repair; wound healing; sensitivity in smell/taste; decreases length of the common cold:

A

zinc

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49
Q

Who is at most risk for zinc deficiency:

A

pts receiving long-term parental nutrition

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50
Q

What may occur if a pt takes zinc and abx together:

A

zinc decreases abx absorption

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51
Q

What may occur if a pt takes a zinc intranasal preparation:

A

decreased sense of smell

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52
Q

What large dose of mineral can cause copper deficiency; decreased HDLs; and weaken the immune system:

A

zinc

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53
Q

What mineral is helpful in the control of DM type 2; promotes weight loss and muscle building:

A

chromium

54
Q

What can occur when insulin and chromium are taken together:

A

decreases insulin/fasting sugar levels

55
Q

This mineral works with an antioxidant enzyme to protect protein and nucleic acids from oxidative damage; works with vitamin E; has anticarcinogenic effect:

A

selenium

56
Q

What mineral is given to tx lung/prostate/colorectal CA:

A

selenium (<200 mcg)

57
Q

Drugs given to decrease the concentration of metal ions in the blood by binding to the metal ions is defined as:

A

chelating agents

58
Q

This type of chelating agent is used to tx wilson’s disease:

A

Penicillamine binds to copper

59
Q

This chelating agent is used to tx acute lead poisoning:

A

Succimer

60
Q

This chelating agent is used to tx arsenic poisoning:

A

BAL (british anti-lewisite)

61
Q

This chelating agent is used to remove excessive iron:

A

DeFERoxamine

62
Q

What is the fluid found within the celss consisting 2/3 of total body fluids:

A

Intracellular fluid

63
Q

WHat is the fluid outside of the cells consisting of 1/3 of the total body fluid in adults:

A

extracellular fluid

64
Q

What are the two main compartments of extracellular fluid

A

intravascular fluid (plasma) and interstitial fluid between the cells

65
Q

Which of the body fluids are vital to normal cell functioning; contains O2, electrolytes, glucose; provides a medium for metabolic process to occur:

A

ICF

66
Q

What body fluid is ised as a transport system; carries O2 and nutrients into and wastes from the cells:

A

ECF

67
Q

The movement of water from less concentration to more concentration is generally defined as:

A

osmosis

68
Q

The power of a solute to pull water across a semipermeable membrane is defined as:

A

osmotic pressure

69
Q

The EFFECT of fluid on CELLULAR voulme (Used primarily to measure the concentration of IV fluids:)

A

tonicity

70
Q

The CONCENTRATION of body fluids is defined as:

A

Osmolality

71
Q

Hypo-osmolality is how many mOsm/kg:

A

<280 mOsm/kg caused by FVO/excess

72
Q

Hyper-osmolality is how many mOsm/kg

A

> 295 mOsm/kg caused by FVD, increased Na intake, DM, ketoacidosis

73
Q

If there is excessive fluid intake and there’s an inability to excrete the fluids, this means that the osmolality is

A

Hypo-osmolality (osmolality= (less)CONCENTRATION) <280 mOsm/kg

74
Q

If there’s excessive fluid loss: diarrhea, increased Na intake, inadequate water intake, ketoacidosis, or sweating, then the osmolality is:

A

Hyper-osmolality (concentration is more) >295 mOsm/kg

75
Q

FOr IV fluids, what is the isotonic ranges:

A

240-340 mOsm/kg

76
Q

What are the types of isotonic solutions:

A

NS, LR, RL, D5W

77
Q

If you rapidly infuse isotonic solution, then what happens to the cells of the body:

A

becomes HYPOTONIC

78
Q

Isotonic are administered by:

A

IV ONLY, not SQ

79
Q

What are the types of hypertonic solutions:

A

3% saline, 50% Dextrose; D5 1/2 NS, D5NS

80
Q

What happens to the cells when given hypertonic solutions:

A

Tonicity is greater than ICF fluid=Cells shrink d/t fluid being drawn out from the cells

81
Q

What is the normal range of hypertonic IV solutions:

A

> 340 mOsm/kg

82
Q

What are some examples of hypotonic IV solutions:

A

1/2 NS .45%

83
Q

What happens to the cells when given hypotonic solutions:

A

Tonicity is less than ICF=Cells swell d/t water being pulled into the cell

84
Q

1 L of fluid is equal to:

A

2.2 lb gain

85
Q

Decreased UOP, excess thirst, dry M. membranes, tachycardia, and hypotension areS/S of:

A

fluid volume deficit

86
Q

Constant cough, dyspnea, rales, HTN, edema, weight gain are S/S of:

A

fluid volume overload

87
Q

What are the four classifications of IV solutions:

A

crystalloids, colloids, blood, lipids

88
Q

Which of the IV solutions are used for replacement/maintenance fluid therapy:

A

crystalloids:D5W, NS, LR

89
Q

What type of IV solutions pulls fluid into the bloodstream, has a 24 hr effect, and are volume expanders:

A

Colloids: amino acids/dextran/hetastarch/plasmanate

90
Q

Which IV solutions are used for transfusions:

A

blood and blood products: whole blood and packed RBCs

91
Q

When is whole blood used:

A

for severe anemia ONLY

92
Q

What are the advantages of using packed RBCs:

A

decreases: circulatory overload/reaction/transmitting hepatitis

93
Q

Which IV solution is used to administer fats to balance nutritional needs (calories and fatty acids); FOR WOUND HEALING/RBC PRODUCTION/PG SYNTHESIS

A

Lipids

94
Q

How is TPN administered:

A

Large vein in neck or chest with 10-50% dextrose

95
Q

How is PPN administered:

A

Peripheral vein 10-12% dextrose

96
Q

Complications such as: pnemothorax, hemothorax, infection, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hypervolemia are all S/S of which: TPN or PPN

A

TPN

97
Q

THe perferred method for nutritional support is:

A

enteral nutrition feeding:

98
Q

Goal of enteral nutrition is to:

A

intact gastric emptying and decrease risk of aspiration

99
Q

NG tube, Gastrostomy, nasoduodenal, jejunostomy are all routes for:

A

enteral nutrition feeding

100
Q

Intermittent entreal feeding is administered:

A

300-400 mL over 30 min

101
Q

Bolus enteral feeding is administered:

A

rapidly by syringe

102
Q

Cyclic enteral feeding is administered:

A

at night less than 24 hr

103
Q

Dehydration, aspiration PNA, and diarrhea are complications of what type of nutrtion therapy:

A

Entreal Feeding

104
Q

What does enteral safety A.L.E.R.T stand for:

A

a=aseptic technique; L=labeling; E=elevate HOB >30 degrees; R=R pt, R formula, R tube; T=trace all lines and tubings back to pt

105
Q

skeletal muscle weakness, EKG irregularities, irregular/weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension are S/S of what mineral imbalance:

A

hypokalemia

106
Q

PO is administered w/4oz of fluid d/t GI distress; IV must be diluted NEVER IV PUSH/BOLUS (d/t arrhythmias) are tx for what K mineral imbalance:

A

hypokalemia

107
Q

EKG changes, tachycardia–>bradycardia, numbness/tingling in extremities, nausea and abd cramps are S/S of what mineral imbalance:

A

hyperkalemia (caused by meds and renal impairment)

108
Q

3.5-5.5 is tx using BIGKD:

A

Hyperkalemia tx: bicarbonate, insulin, glucose, kayexalate, dialysis

109
Q

The normal range for Na is:

A

135-145

110
Q

Mucle weakness, HA, SZ, abd cramps, lethargy, tachycardia, dry mucouse membranes, pale skin are all S/S of what mineral imbalance:

A

hyponatermia (caused by fluid loss and surgery)

111
Q

NS (sodium chloride) and 3%hypertonic sodium solution is a tx fro what thyp od Na imbalance:

A

hyponatermia

112
Q

Flushed/dry skin, anorexia, tachycardia, HTN, twitching, coma, SZ are all S/S of what mineral imbalance:

A

hypernatermia (caused by increased Na intake, decreased water intake, water loss)

113
Q

Restricting diet, taking diuretics, and D5W followed by NS to restrict cerebral edema are tx for what Na imbalce:

A

hypernateremia

114
Q

What populations are at risk for hypernatemia:

A

infants, elderly, immobilized pts

115
Q

Trousseau’s sign (w BP cuff) and Chvostek’s sign (touching face to ilicit a twitch) are S/s of what mineral imbalance:

A

hypocalcemia

116
Q

What is the composition of ECF:

A

Na, Cl, HO3 (vascular/plasma=albumin/protein)

117
Q

What is the composition of ICF:

A

K, Mg, PO4, SO4

118
Q

What type of IV solutions would I give to a pt with fluid loss:

A

Isotonic solutions (LR, NS 0.9%, D5W)

119
Q

What happens if I infuse D5W rapidly or continuously:

A

Isotonic D5W becomes HYPOTONIC (NO SUBQ)

120
Q

What is the normal K level:

A

3.5-5.3

121
Q

This electrolyte is necessary for TRANSMISSION/CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSES; contracts all muscles:

A

K

122
Q

SUCTION IS FOUND IN WHAT ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE AND WHAT DOES IT STAND FOR:

A

hypokalemia: skeletal muscle weakness, U wave (EKG) changes, constipation, irregular/weak pulse, orthostatic hypotension, numbness (paresthesia)

123
Q

What do you give for hyperkalemic pts to protect heart:

A

calcium gluconate

124
Q

If your pt has less than 115, what type of solution do you treat them with:

A

hypertonic 3% NS

125
Q

If your pt Na ranges fall between 125-135, what solution do you treat them with:

A

isotonic NS 0.9%

126
Q

What should IV calcium for hypocalmeic pts be treated with:

A

mixed with D5W not NS

127
Q

A pt has tetany like s/s: tremors, twitching of the face and ventricular tachycardia is caused by what electrolyte imbalance:

A

hypomg, treated with IV magnesium sulate

128
Q

What’s the normal range of Mg

A

1.8-3

129
Q

A pt seems lethargic, drowsy, loss of DTR, paralysis, given to mothers in labor to RELAX muscle contractions. What is the electrolyte imbalance and tx:

A

hypermg; calcium gluconate (may have positive C and T signs)

130
Q

What is the normal range of phosphorus:

A

2.5-4.5

131
Q

pt has muscle weakness, tremors, paresthesia, bone pain. She has labs of phos of less than 1.7: What does she have and what is she treated with:

A

hypophos; neutraphos or potassium phosphate

132
Q

A pt has tetany (with decreased Ca), muscular wwakness, numbness of mouth and fingertips. What does she have and what is she treated with:

A

hyperphos, renagel (sevelamer) excreted in stool

Pharmocolgy (6 decks)

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