Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ophthalmology > Red Eye > Flashcards

Red Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Red flag symptoms

A 
Visual loss 
Pain 
Red eye 
Unilateral 
Flashes
Floaters 
Abnormal pupil shape 
Photosensitivity 
Cloudy cornea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of painless red eye

A

Conjunctivitis
Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Episcleritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of conjunctivitis

A

Viral conjunctivitis: adenovirus, herpes simplex
Bacterial conjunctivitis: staph/strep, gonococcal, chlamydia
Allergic conjunctivitis
Other non-infectious causes: trauma, contact lens, toxins, autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptoms and signs of conjunctivitis

A

Bilateral
Discomfort (NOT painful) - itchy, dry, burning
Vision not affected

Redness
Sticky Discharge
Swollen eyelids
Follicles - lumps on conjunctiva, infection
Papillae - lumps on inner aspect of upper eye lid, allergic or contact lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Investigations for conjunctivitis

A

Conjunctival swab - only if suspecting STI, neonatal, not responding to therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Management of conjunctivitis

A

Viral:
Advice - hand+face washing, no need for time off school
Supportive - hot compress, Artificial tears

Allergic:
Topical antihistamines

Bacterial:
Topical chloramphenicol delayed prescription (60% self limiting)
Immediate px+refer - suspect STI, contact lens, immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is episcleritis

A

Benign and self-limiting Inflammation of connective tissue layer above sclera and below conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of episcleritis

A

Idiopathic - majority

Associated with rheumatological disease - PAN, SLE, rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs and symptoms of episcleritis

A

Acute onset
FB sensation
Dull ache

Localised redness - Focal cone shaped engorged vessels
Localised tenderness
Vessels mobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How to distinguish episcleritis from scleritis

A

Vessels Blanche on topical phenylephrine
Vessels mobile

Acute onset
Mild discomfort,
no pain or visual loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Management of episcleritis

A

Topical lubricants
Topical NSAIDs
Refer if >1 week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

Benign bleeding and pooling of blood behind conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Risk factors for subconjunctival haemorrhage

A

Hypertension
Anticoagulants
Frail elderly women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of Painful Red Eye

A 
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Corneal abrasion 
Corneal ulceration 
Iritis/Anterior uveitis 
Scleritis 
Orbital cellulitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is keratitis

A

Inflammation of cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is corneal abrasion

A

Breach of corneal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes of corneal abrasion

A 
Contact lens
Chemical injury 
Sharp objects 
Trauma 
Foreign body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Signs and symptoms of corneal abrasion

A 
Pain
Impaired vision 
Photophobia 
Foreign body sensation 
Watering

Red eye
Stains green with fluorescein

19
Q

Management of corneal abrasion

A

Evert eyelids - look for subtarsal FB
Topical tetracaine - local anaesthetic for examination
Fluorescein stain - stains green if lesion present

Remove FB 
Chloramphenicol ointment 
Topical tropcamide (cycloplegic, dilate pupil + relax ciliary muscle for photophobia)

Refer If still staining after 48 hrs

20
Q

Causes of corneal ulceration

A

Viral - herpes simplex
Bacterial - staph/strep
Fungal - Candida, aspergillus
Protozoal - Acanthamoeba

Contact lens
Vasculitis - rheumatoid arthritis

21
Q

Signs and symptoms of corneal ulcer

A 
Pain
Photophobia 
Impaired vision 
FB sensation 
Watering

Red eye
Corneal opacity - collection of white cells in corneal tissue
Hypopyon - collection of white cells in anterior chamber
Stains green with fluorescein - dendritic ulcer in herpetic keratitis

22
Q

Investigations for corneal ulcers

A

Urgent corneal scrape for MC&S

23
Q

Management of corneal ulceration

A

URGENT referral
Viral - topical aciclovir
Bacterial - alternating topical chloramphenicol + ofloxacin
Admit if - immunocompromised, diabetic, not managing drops
AVOID topical steroid until tx+recovery starts - can propagate corneal invasion, leading to blindness

24
Q

Causes of chemical eye injury

A

Acid

Alkali

25
Q

Management of chemical eye injury

A 
Topical tetracaine
PH measurement w litmus paper
Copious saline irrigation 
Examine eye for FB
Refer
26
Q

Why is alkali burns more serious than acid burns

A

Alkalis cause liquefactive necrosis
Continue to penetrate eye to deep layers, causing ischaemia, scarring of cornea and blindness
(Vs acid cause coagulative necrosis thus impede own progress)

27
Q

What is anterior uveitis

A

Inflammation of iris and ciliary body

28
Q

Causes of anterior uveitis

A

Idiopathic
HLA B27 conditions - IBD, ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis
Other systematic conditions - sarcoidosis, TB, HIV, syphillis

Common cause of painful red eye
In working age

29
Q

Signs and symptoms of anterior uveitis

A

Pain
Photophobia
Impaired vision

Red eye - conjunctival injection at cornea/sclera junction
Irregular pupils - posterior synechiae, adhesion of iris to lens
Leukocytes in anterior chamber - diagostic, on slit lamp exam

30
Q

Investigations for anterior uveitis

A

For systemic diseases if: recurrent, severe, prolonged

31
Q

Management of anterior uveitis

A

URGENT referral
Topical prednisolone - reduce inflammation to help Sxs and prevent complications of prolonged inflammation
Topical cyclopentolate - help Sxs and prevent synechiae

32
Q

Complications of anterior uveitis

A

Glaucoma - prolonged inflammation disrupts flow
Posterior synechiae
Prolonged visual loss - from glaucoma, retinal detachment, retinal scarring

33
Q

What is scleritis

A

Severe inflammation of sclera, that can lead to necrosis and perforation

34
Q

Types of scleritis

A

Anterior, Posterior

Necrotising, non-necrotising

35
Q

Causes of scleritis

A

Systemic disease - 50%; rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangitis

36
Q

Signs and symptoms of scleritis

A

Constant, severe, dull, ‘Boring’ pain
Painful ocular movements

Exquisite tenderness
Signs of systemic inflammation

37
Q

Management of scleritis

A

URGENT referral
Non-necrotising anterior scleritis: oral NSAIDS +/- oral high dose prednisolone
Posterior/necrotising scleritis: systemic steroid + immunomodulators (methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide)

38
Q

What is acute angle-closure glaucoma

A

Type of glaucoma due to acute narrowing of irido-corneal angle causing a sudden rise in IOP (>30)

39
Q

Physiology of normal aqueous humour flow

A

Aqueous humour produced by ciliary body
Flows into anterior chamber through pupil
Drains at irido-corneal angle into trabecular meshwork
Drains from trabecular meshwork into canal of schlemm

40
Q

Risk factors for acute angle-closure glaucoma

A

50s
Shallow anterior chamber
Hypermetropic eye (short axial length)
Thick lens
TV in dark room (repeated pupil dilation in dark)
Mydriatic agents (pupil dilatation blocks drainage angle)
Systemic anticholinergics (e.g. urge incontinence, PNS cause constriction and opening of angle)
GA

41
Q

Signs and symptoms of acute angle-closure glaucoma

A 
N+V
Headache 
Acute unilateral intermittent eye pain 
Blurred vision
Haloes around nights (corneal oedema) 
Red eye 
Mid-dilated oval pupil 
RIOP
Shallow anterior chamber
Corneal oedema
Occluded iridocorneal angle on gonioscopy
42
Q

Investigations for acute angle closure glaucoma

A

Gonioscopy - iridocorneal angle occluded in affected eye and narrowing in other eye

43
Q

Management of acute angle closure glaucoma

A

URGENT referral

Topical beta blocker + topical pilocarpine + IV acetazolamide
(Beta blocker to decrease aqueous humour production)
(Miotic/cholinergic agent to open angle by pupil constriction)
(Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor to reduce aq humour production)

Peripheral laser iridectomy - once IOP controlled

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions