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REPRODUCTION > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How long does the ovum remain fertile for?

A

approx 24 hours

Sperm remain alive in tract for several days

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2
Q

What happens when sperm come into contact with female secretions?

A

They become capacitated

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3
Q

What is fertilised progression in mares?

A

Only fertilised eggs pass into the uterus which allows early pregnancy recognition

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4
Q

What does sperm absorb from seminal fluid?

A

Fructose, absorbic acid and amino acids

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5
Q

What allows the flagellum to power movement in the sperm?

A

Long mitochondria that produce ATP.

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6
Q

What is capacitation of sperm?

A

Removal of a protective coat from plasma membrane. Allows penetration of the ovum

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7
Q

What are the effects of capacitation of sperm?

A

Increased rate of metabolism - flagellum beats more rapidly - sperm more rapid
glycoprotein alteration - allows sperm-egg binding
Pro-acrosin converts to the active form acrosin whoch allows digestion of zona pellucida proteins

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8
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

Capacitated sperm migrates through follicle cell layers before reaching zona pellucida - binding induces a reaction and the sperm’s acrosome discharges contents by exocytosis

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9
Q

What is the prevention of polyspermy?

A

The plasma membrane and vitellin layer becomes depolarised
Wave of calcium sweeps across the egg - activates egg
After fertilisation it hardens and separates causing membrane

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10
Q

What are the 7 stages of cleavage and gastrulation stages?

A

Zygote - 2-cell stage - 4-cell stage - 8-cell stage - morula - blastula - gastrula

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11
Q

What are the 6 stages of development?

A

Fertilisation - cleavage - gastrulation - neurulation - neural crest - organogenesis

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12
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Blastula develops a hole and cells start to move into it forming a gastrula.
Three layered embryo
Three layers of cells

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13
Q

What are the three germ layers in regards to gastrula?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm

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14
Q

In mares why does the embryo move back and forth between uterine horns?

A

Prevent luteolysis

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15
Q

What hormone is released by the embryo during implantation?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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16
Q

What does HCG do?

A

Enlarges corpus luteum and produces more progesterone - detected in blood and urine

17
Q

What is adplantation?

A

Initial phase of implantation - loosely adheres to the endometrial epithelium - rolls to the site of implantation and firmly adheres to site of implantation
Receptive window

18
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Outer cell mass of blastocyst

19
Q

What is the hypoblast?

A

Part of the inner cell mass

20
Q

What is organogenesis and when does it occur ?

A

Formation of the organs from layering of cells during the gastrula stage - it occurs 8-9 weeks (38mm)

21
Q

What does the ectoderm germ layers develop into?

A

Nervous system and skin epidermis

22
Q

What does the mesoderm germ layers develop into?

A

Skeleton, muscles, circulatory system and gonads

23
Q

What does the endoderm germ layers develop into?

A

Digestive tract, respiratory system, liver/pancreas and bladder

24
Q

What does the placenta develop from?

A

Embryonic chorion and maternal uterine tissue

25
Q

What types of placental attachment do horses and pigs have?

A

Diffuse - days (16)- entire placenta attaches to uterus

26
Q

What types of placental attachment do ruminants have?

A

Cotyledonary

Specialised areas called placentomes made up of cotyledons and caruncles

27
Q

What types of placental attachment do dogs and cats have?

A

Zonary

Placenta attaches to uterus by a zone that circles the placenta

28
Q

What types of placental attachment do primates and rodents have?

A

Discoid

Area of attachment is small disc shaped area - umbilical cord runs from the disc

29
Q

What is the cotyledon?

A

Fetal side of the placenta

30
Q

What is the caruncle?

A

Maternal side of the placenta

REPRODUCTION (10 decks)

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