Misc Flashcards
What factors influence emerging infections?
Microbial adaptation and change Breakdown of PH measures/infrastructure Social and economic determinants Natural disasters Climate change/weather Travel Changing ecosystems Lack of political will Deliberate release/bioterrorism Farming and deforestation
Why are many tropical diseases neglected?
Affect poor populations In remote areas in conflict zones Disease persists under conditions of poverty Low profile countries No political voice Lack of reliable statistics Not seen as a public health priority
What is antibiotic resistance?
The ability of an organism to multiply in the presence of concentrations of a microbial higher than the normal human therapeutic dose
How is antibiotic resistance caused?
Naturally develops
Mutation/Gene transfer
What increases the risk of antibiotic resistance?
Inappropriate use
Total consumption
Substandard preparations
How is antibiotic resistance surveilled?
Enhanced routine surveillance to monitor trends in resistance, new resistance patterns and outbreaks
How is antibiotic resistance managed?
Reduce use/ensure optimal use
Reduce transmission of resistance
Provide education/information
What is classed as a close contact?
Living in the same household
Intimate kissing contact in last 7 days
Someone who has stayed over in the case’s household in the last 7 days
The household members of a house where the case has stayed overnight in the last 7 days
What 3 things are needed to produce an infection
Environment
Agent
Host
What is the latent period of a disease?
Time between acquiring the infection and becoming infectious
What is the incubation period?
Time between acquiring the infection and developing symptoms
What environmental factors can affect health?
Water quality Water quantity Air quality Sanitation Hygiene Food Climate Housing/Overcrowding Waste disposal Drainage systems
When interpreting a curve what other information may be useful?
Background rates/data from previous years
Location of data
Facts about the disease - epidemiology and characteristics
Information source of the data
Difference between suspected and confirmed cases
List some general measures in the control of an outbreak
Exclusion of cases Vaccinate contacts - WHO and WHY Advise on hygiene Monitoring and surveillance Chemoprophylaxis Treatment PPE Screening of high risk groups
