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LPC 2019 Biology > Biology_1_20190611_075140 > Flashcards

Biology_1_20190611_075140 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe

Ionic Bonds

A

Electorstatic bond between positive and negative ions e.g. NaCl

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2
Q

What things are necessary for Life?

A
  1. Most life is complex
  2. Ability to respond to the environment
  3. Ability to reproduce
  4. Capactiy to evovle
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3
Q

What are the other attributes of life?

List of 4

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Homeostasis
  3. Growth and Development - (regulated growth not uncontrolled like fire)
  4. Ecology
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4
Q

Expand

Expand Metabolism?

A

Living things use energy and consume nutrients to carry out chemical reactions to sustain life.

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5
Q

Expand

Expand Homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of stable environment in face of changing external environment

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6
Q

Expand

Expand Ecology?

A

The study of how organisms interact with one another and the natural environment.

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7
Q

What is the human impact on life?

A

Positive for some

  • wheat
  • Rats

Negative for others

  • Dodo
  • White rhino
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8
Q

Macromolecules - what are the key elements?

A

90% of the body is made of

  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon
  • Nitrogen
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9
Q

Macromolecules - define:

Orbitals

A

Areas that electrons might be ovserved

Orbitals have at most 2 electrons.

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10
Q

Describe

Energy Levels?

A

Energy levels have multiple orbitals i.e. second energy level has 4 orbitals

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11
Q

Describe

Polarity

A

Based on Difference in electromagnetivity in atoms

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12
Q

Describe

Hydrogen Bond

A

Electrostatic attraction between Hydrogen atom and electro-negative atim e.g. water

NB Not a true ‘bond’

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13
Q

List

Elements found in high abundance in cells

5 Elements

A
  • Carbon
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Phosphorous
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14
Q

List

Elements found in low abundance in cells

6 elements

A
  • Sulphur
  • Chlorine
  • Sodium
  • Magnesium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
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15
Q

List

Elements found only in trace amounts

A

Vanadium

Chromium

Manganese

Iron

Nickel

Lutetium

Zinc

Molybdenum

Fluorine

Selenium

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16
Q

List

Four main types of Macro-molecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids
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17
Q

Definition

Van der Walls forces

A

Van der Walls forces are due to the motion of electrons alng lng non-polar molecules.

It is a weak electrostatic attraction.

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18
Q

List

Properties of Water

6

A
  1. Hydrophilic interactions
  2. Hydrophobic interactions
  3. Highly cohesive
  4. Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid
  5. High heat capacity
  6. High heat of evaporation
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19
Q

Explain the relavence of

Explain the relavence of Hydrophilic interactions?

A

Makes it an amazing and adaptable solvent

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20
Q

Explain the relavence of

Explain the relavence of Hydrophobic interactions?

A

Molecules club together away from wate. Hydrophobic interactions are needed to form cell membranes.

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21
Q

Explain the relavence of

Explain the relavence of Highly cohesive?

A

Used to drive the processes in xylem

22
Q

Explain the relavence of

Explain the relavence of High heat capacity?

A

Helps to stop cells heating up too much or too rapidly.

23
Q

Explain the relavence of

Explain the relavence of High heat of evaporation?

A

Neede for seat to provide sufficient cooling.

24
Q

Chemical makeup - Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates all have this chemical formula:

CnH2nOn

25
Q

Nucleic Acids

What are the Purine bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
26
Q

Nucleic Acids

What are the Pyrimidine bases?

A
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
27
Q

Nucleic Acids

What does Adenine bond to?

A

Adenine always bonds to Tymine

28
Q

Nucleic Acids

What does Guanine bond to?

A

Adenine always bonds to Cytosine

29
Q

Carbohydtrates

What is the application of Carbohydrates?

A

Provide

  • Energy
  • Structure
30
Q

List

Types of Carbohydrate - sugars

A
  • Saccharides = sugars
    • Monsaccharide = 1 sugar
    • Disaccharide = 2 sugar molecules
    • Oligosaccharide = 3-10 sugar molecules
    • Polysaccharides > 10 sugar molecules
31
Q

What are the basic monosaccharides

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
32
Q

How do Monosaccharides combine?

A

Monosaccharides combine through Dehydration reaction

33
Q

How do Saccharides split apart?

A

Saccharides split apart through a Hydrolysis reaction

34
Q

Proteins

What does a protein consist of?

A

A protein consists of one or mre polypepetides

35
Q

What are polypepetides?

A

Polypepetides are polymers of amino acids

36
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

Amino acids are organic compounds containing both amine (-NH₂) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups.

37
Q

Why do Amino Acids differ?

A

Amino Acids differ in properties due to differing side chains (called ‘R’ groups)

38
Q

How are amino acids linked?

A

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds

39
Q

What is the characteristic of a Peptide bond

A

Peptide bonds are typically

  • C - N -

|| |

O H

40
Q

How many different Amion Acids are there?

A

There are 20 different Amino Acids

41
Q

Explain a protein’s

Explain a protein’s Secondary structure?

A

Coils and folds are held together by H-bonds. Example structures are Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet etc

42
Q

Explain a protein’s

Explain a protein’s Quarternary Structure?

A

If a protein has more than one subunit. It can have a structure fomred by the assembly of subunits.

43
Q

What are the 3 types of structure for Proteins?

A

Primary Structure = Amino acid sequence

Secondary structure = coils and folds

Tertiary Structure = Globular 3D folding

Quarternary Structure = subunit structure

44
Q

What are the chacteristics of Lipids?

A
  • Lipids are Hydrophobic
  • Lipids can group together to function as storage compounds
  • Lipids can be found in cellular membranes
45
Q

What are Saturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds

I.e. they have a linear structure

46
Q

What are Unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

47
Q

What are Phospholipids?

A

Phospholipids are a class of lipids made up of a charged phosphocholine group bonded to tow fatty acid tails.

Phospholipids have a amphipathic (water loving) head and hydrophobic (lipophilic) tails.

48
Q

Nucleic Acids

What is the purpose of Nucleic Acids?

2 points

A

Nucleic Acids are needed for making proteins and for passing on genes.

They are made up of Nucleotides.

49
Q

Nucleic Acids

What are Nucleotides made up of?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Pentose sugars
  • Nitrogenous base
50
Q

Nucleic Acids

What are the 4 Nucleotides in DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
51
Q

Nucleic Acids

What are the 4 Nucleotides in RNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Uracil

LPC 2019 Biology (6 decks)

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