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Micro > CH19 and 31 > Flashcards

CH19 and 31 Flashcards

1
Q

Haeckel placed bacteria in the kingdom

A

Protista

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2
Q

An infection thread

A

is formed by the plant root hair cell

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3
Q

A classification system based on mutual similarity that involves comparing as many characteristics as possible is called a __________ system.

A

phenetic

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4
Q

A classification system based on evolutionary relationships is called a __________ system.

A

phylogenetic

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5
Q

All of the following are true of Mycoplasmas EXCEPT

they may reproduce by budding

they have a thin layer of peptidoglycan in their walls

they are pleomorphic

they are chemoorganotrophs

A

they have a thin layer of peptidoglycan in their walls

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6
Q

The reason coral reefs are among the most productive and successful ecosystems is due to

A

the coral-dinoflagellate mutualistic relationship.

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT a legume?

lentils

peas

soybeans

wheat

clover

A

wheat

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8
Q

The region of soil in the immediate vicinity of the roots of plants is called the

A

rhizosphere.

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9
Q

A population descending from a single organism or pure culture isolate is called a

A

strain

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10
Q

Which of the following is an example of the use of the binomial system devised by Linnaeus?

A

Escherichia coli

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11
Q

Stable annealing due to hydrogen bonding between DNAs of similar nucleotide sequence from different organisms is referred to as

A

hybridization.

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12
Q

Which of the following is true about Bergey’s Manual?

The first and second editions are both largely phenetic.

The first edition is mostly phenetic while the second edition is more phylogenetic.

The first edition is largely phylogenetic while the second edition is more phenetic.

The first and second editions are both largely phylogenetic.

A

The first edition is mostly phenetic while the second edition is more phylogenetic.

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13
Q

All the following are true of bacteroids EXCEPT

they tend to vary in shape due to the loss of a cell wall

they are the site of nitrogen fixation

they respond to a flavonoid signal

they are surrounded by a plant derived membrane

A

they respond to a flavonoid signal

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14
Q

In the Whittaker classification, bacteria were placed in kingdom ____

A

Monera

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15
Q

Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium are significant contributors to which process when engaged in a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants?

A

nitrogen fixation

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16
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Whittaker’s classification of viruses

A

he did not include them in his classification system

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17
Q

The determination of the taxon to which an organism belongs is called

A

identification.

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18
Q

In a mycorrhizal relationship, the fungal component can assist in providing phosphorus and water to the plant. The plant in turn provides the fungus with

A

organic carbon.

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19
Q

A rhizobium inoculant

A

can be applied to seeds prior to planting

contains a highly effective bacterium in a peat carrier

is generally inexpensive

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20
Q

The Haber-Bosch process

A

is used to produce nitrogen fertilizer.

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21
Q

All the following are true of rhizobia EXCEPT:

they are readily cultivated on yeast mannitol media

they do not fix nitrogen in laboratory cultures

they are motile soil bacteria

they are Gram positive bacilli

A

they are Gram positive bacilli

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22
Q

Nodules are red inside

A

because of the presence of leghaemoglobin

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23
Q

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of members of the Archaea?

No thymine in tRNAs

Membrane lipids containing ether-linked glycerol phytanols

70S ribosomes

Methane transformations

A

70S ribosomes

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24
Q

The temperature at which half of the strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule have separated from each other is called the __________ temperature.

A

melting

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25
Q

The assignment of names to taxonomic groups is referred to as

A

nomenclature

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26
Q

order to 10 million + specied

A

taxonomy

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27
Q

organize/form groups based on similarities or evolutionary relatedness

A

classification

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28
Q

determine where an isolate belongs based on morphology, physiology, genetics

A

identification

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29
Q

naming binomial systems of Linnaeus

A

nomenclature

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30
Q

similar strains

A

species

31
Q

closely related species

A

genus

32
Q

Linnaeus taxonomy classification

A
  • plantae- plants, algae, fungi (bacteria)

- animalia- microorganisms

33
Q

Haeckel taxonomy classification

A
  • plantae- plants multicellular algae
  • animalia- animals
  • protista- microorganisms
34
Q

Whittaker taxonomy classification

A
  • plantae- multicellular, photosynthetic
  • animalia- multicellular, ingest food
  • fungi- uni/multi cellular, absorb food
  • protista- unicellular, eukaryotes
  • monera- prokaryotes
35
Q

Woese taxonomy classification

A
  • archaea bacteria (archaea)
  • eubacteria (bacteria)
  • eucaryotes

**domains; higher classification than kingdoms

36
Q

grouped on overall similarities

A

phenetic classification

37
Q
  • many characteristics (50-100)
  • each given equal weight
  • morphology, physiology, biochemical
A

numerical taxonomy

38
Q

grouped on probable evolutionary relationships

  • difficult with out MO
  • little/no fossil record
  • AA sequences in proteins
  • rRNA nucleotide sequence
A

phylogenetic classification

39
Q

characteristics fro identification

A

morphological
physiological/metabolic
ecological
molecular characteristics

40
Q

size, shape, colony type, staining traits, cilia, flagella, motility, endospores, color

A

morphological

41
Q
  • C, N, energy sources
  • fermentation
  • nutrient type
  • temp, O2, pH,- tolerance changes
  • sensitivity to inhibitors/antibodies
A

physiological/metabolic

42
Q
  • life cycles
  • symbiotic relationships
  • disease induction- host range
  • habitat preferences
A

ecological

43
Q
  • nucleic acid base composition (G-C content)
  • nucleic acid hybridization
  • nucleic acid sequencing
  • genomic fingerprinting
A

molecular characteristics

44
Q
  • specific spectrometer that moitors absorbance at 260 nm
  • SS absorb more than DS DNA
  • as temp increases, DS will separate and melt which increases the absorbance
A

nucleic acid base composition (G-C content)

45
Q

High G-G content will have a higher melting temp bc

A

they have 3 H-bonds holding them together

46
Q
  • melt DNA of two MOs to form SS
  • measure how much re-associates
  • more annealing (more related to the MOs; complementary and able to hybridize)
  • renature DNA below Tm
A

nucleic acid hybridization

47
Q
  • introduced by Woese
  • techniques now widely available
  • SSU rRNA
    • some essential function, change slowly with time, not effected by horizontal gene transfer
A

-nucleic acid sequencing

48
Q

RFLP analysis

A

-genomic fingerprinting

49
Q
  • phenetic classification
  • gram - stain reactions
  • sections- shape, O2, motility, energy
  • gram +, gram -, mycoplasmas
A

Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology 1st edition

50
Q
  • phylogenetic classification
  • rRNA studies, many more species and genera
  • significant changes (especially gram -)
  • evolutionary classification
A

Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology 2nd edition

51
Q

mutualistic symbiosis with MOs and animals

A

-cellulose degradation
-light production
-photosynthesis
-lithography
AA biosynthesis

52
Q

mutualistic symbiosis with MOs and plants

A
  • phosphorus acquisition

- N2 fixation- extremely stable and unreactive at ambient temps, not usable by members of eukarya, most limiting

53
Q

two ways to reduce or fix nitrogen gas to ammonia

A
  • Haber Bosch fertilizer fossil fuels (ex: urea)

- symbiosis with N2 fixing bacteria sunlight (Rhizobiaceae)

54
Q

important grain and pasture crop and have high protein

A

legumes

55
Q
  • soil bacteria, gram -, motile rods

- ex: Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium

A

Rhizobia

56
Q

culturing yeast mannitol media with indicators

A
  • not very fastidious in nutritional requirements
  • do not fix N2 in free living state
  • yeast: growth factor, vitamins, fixed N2
  • mannitol: carbon and energy
  • indicators: congo red (used to differentiate b/t two types of rhizobia
57
Q

culturing yeast mannitol media with indicators

A
  • not very fastidious in nutritional requirements
  • do not fix N2 in free living state
  • yeast: growth factor, vitamins, fixed N2
  • mannitol: carbon and energy
  • indicators: congo red (used to differentiate b/t two types of rhizobia
58
Q

specificity of symbiosis

A
  • not all legumes form a symbiosis with all rhizobia
  • some are very specific (soybeans)
  • some are more promiscuous (cowpeas)
59
Q

not picky about establishment of symbiosis

A

promiscuous

60
Q

classification of specific and promiscuous legumes were originally based on

A

host phage

61
Q

Root Nodule Formation by infection process

A
  • The plant root releases flavonoids that stimulate the production of Nod gene expression
  • Attachment of bacterial cells to root hairs involves rhicadhesins and host plant lectins that affect the pattern of attachment and nod gene expression.
  • Structure of a typical Nod factor that promotes root hair curling. Nod factors enter root hairs and migrate to their nuclei.
  • A plant root hair with attached rhizobium undergoing curling. Initiation of bacterial penetration into the root hair cell and infection thread growth
  • release of rhizobia, formation of bacteroids surrounded by plant-derived peribacteroid membranes and differentiation of bacteroids into nitrogen-fixing symbiosomes.
62
Q
  • vary in size and shape depending on bacteria in legume

- can be determinate or indeterminate

A

nodules

63
Q
  • circular

- form, function, disintegrate

A

determinate nodule

64
Q
  • anuals (clover, alfalfa)

- can continually grow

A

indeterminate nodule

65
Q

during nodulation:
plants produce-
bacteria produce-

A
  • plants- infection thread, flavenoid process

- bacteria- Nod factors (stimulate growth), initial curling and softening of cell wall

66
Q

in N2 fixation, ammonia is incorporated in amides and/or ureides. give an example of each

A
  • amides- beans

- ureides- chickpeas

67
Q

describe nitrogenase

A

a 2 component enzyme (MOFE and FE) that can reduce other substrates (acetylene to ethylene) and inactivated by O2

68
Q

active nodules contain

A

leghemoglobin

69
Q

oxygen problem in N2 fixation

A

free oxygen levels are low, but oxygen available for respiration

70
Q
  • for pasture and soil improvement

- mixtures, rotations, protein banks

A

plant legumes

71
Q

the symbiosis mutualism between plants and rhizobia

A
  • plant receives fixed N2 from bacterium

- rhizobia receive carbon/energy and protection from the plant

72
Q

select plant varieties that form an effective symbiosis

A

plant breeding for improvement

73
Q

adding highly effective rhizobia to the soil/seed

A

Rhizobia inoculant production and use

74
Q

benefits of Rhizobia inoculant

A
  • not expensive ($1-5 per ha)

- well nodulated soybean fixes

Micro (15 decks)

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