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Repro > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Wolffian Ducts

A

Mesonephric ducts in close association with gonads. Induce kidney formation and becomes ureter in both sexes. Persist in males. Form epididymis, deferens, seminal vesicles

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2
Q

Mullerian Ducts

A

paramesonephric ducts lateral to Wolffian. Appear later than mesonephric ducts. Persist in females. Form uterus, uterine tubes, upper portion of vagina (fusion)

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3
Q

Leydig cells

A

testosterone secreters of testis

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4
Q

Theca cells

A

estrogen secreters in ovary

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5
Q

Anti-mullerian hormone

A

secreted by sertoli cells. induces degradation of mullerian ducts

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6
Q

retroperitoneum

A

space behind the peritoneum, in front of posterior abdominal wall below diaphragm. Adrenals, kidneys, ureters, bladder, vasculature, esophagus, rectum

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7
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

spongy tissue around male urethra

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8
Q

cavernosum

A

erectile tissue of penis

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9
Q

tunica albuginea of penis

A

elastic tissue: compresses veins to maintain erection. Ruptured in penile fracture (eggplant deformity: blood drains into buck’s fascia)

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10
Q

rete testis

A

outflow from testes

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11
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

fusion of deferens and seminal vesicle (end of mesonephric duct)

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12
Q

genital swelling

A

forms shaft of penis/clitoris

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13
Q

urogenital groove/folds

A

fuses in males to form raphe. forms labia minora in females

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14
Q

labioscrotal sweeling

A

forms scrotum/labia major

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15
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

patent distal end of processus vaginalis (reduces friction in cremaster reflex). proximal end up processus obliterates

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16
Q

genital tubercle

A

forms clitoris/glans of penis

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17
Q

tunica albuginea of testis

A

dense fibrous capsule, continuous with interlobular septa

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18
Q

primary spermatocytes

A

4N, diploid (takes 3 weeks). arise at puberty from spermatogonia. 1 yields 4 gametes

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19
Q

secondary spermatocytes

A

2N, haploid undergo rapid 2nd meiotic division to form spermatid (1N)

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20
Q

acrosome

A

covers ant half of nucleus (from Golfi of spermatid). contains enzymes to digest ZP. specialized lysosome

21
Q

Flagellum

A

formed as centrioles migrate to end of cell (MTs, ATP, dynein)

22
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

triangular cells at base of epithelium. Extend processes to lumen. post-mitotic. Push spermatozoa toward lumen and degrade defective ones. stimulated by FSH to secrete androgen binding protein (concentrates testosterone at lumen) and inhibin (suppresses FSH).

23
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

tight junctions of sertoli cells. immune-privileges late-stage spermatogenesis

24
Q

mudulla of ovary

A

rich vasc bed w/ loose connective tissue

25
Q

cortex of ovary

A

where follicles are

26
Q

primordial follicle

A

PGC frozen in prophase of M1, surrounded by single layer of squamous follicular cells 4N

27
Q

primary follicle

A

oocyte with 2+ layers of of cuboidal granulosa cells (after puberty) 4N

28
Q

2ndry follicle

A

has fluid-filled antrum (filled with glycans and steroids). Theca folliculi differentiates into theca interna and theca externa

29
Q

zona pellucida

A

thick layer of glycoprot btwn oocyte and granulosa. Filopodia and microvilli of granulosa/oocyte meet

30
Q

Theca interna

A

secretes androstenedione, transfered to follicular cells for testosterone production. T is converted to estradiol. richly vascular

31
Q

Theca externa

A

connective tissue capsule-like layer, continuous with ovarian stroma

32
Q

granulosa/cumulous cell

A

= follicular cell

33
Q

Graafian follicle

A

mature. Complete M1 (2N). Antrum enlarges. arrests in metaphase of M1. 1st polar body remains w/i ZP

34
Q

follicular atresia

A

cells and oocytes die and are phago’d. max after birth and during puberty/preg. when advanced, have glassy membrane

35
Q

glassy membrane

A

gross thickening of basement membrane btw granulosa and theca interna (occurs in advanced atresia)

36
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by corp lut, prevents development of new follicles

37
Q

myoepethial cells

A

respond to oxytocin. contract to expel milk from alveoli

38
Q

Activin/Inhibin

A

TGF-beta family. Second layer of hormonal regulation in menstruation.

39
Q

inhibin in female

A

produced by granulosa. antagonizes FSH and activin. (Decreases pituitary GnRH Rs)

40
Q

activin in female

A

produced in ovary and pituitary. pro-FSH

41
Q

ovarian reserve

A

number of oocytes left in ovary

42
Q

menopause

A

point at which there is permanent cessation of menstruation following the loss of ovarian activity. mean is 50-52
Biochemical characteristics: FSH/LH increased.
smoking reduces age of onset.
No correlation with age of menarche, parity, contraception, etc.

43
Q

health risks related to menopause

A

CVD: metabolic syndrome increases. Total and LDL cholesterol
osteoperosis (accelerated bone loss)
hot flash, urogenital atrophy, musculoskeletal Sx, disordered sleep, mood (smoking, race, obesity)

44
Q

Tx of menopausal Sx

A

HRT, SSRIs, antihypertensives, behavioral (diet, weight loss, smoking, exercise)

45
Q

premature ovarian insufficiency

A

NOT early menopause… specific pathological etiologies.

cessation of function s), autoimmune, metabolic, smoking, iatrogenic (chemo/rad)

46
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

absence or abnormality of X: 46XX or 45X. (both Xs are necessary in ovary –no lionization). Turner’s results in excessively rapid atresia resulting in “streak” gonads

47
Q

effects of chemo/rad on ovarian failure

A

older when exposed: faster.
location, dose, duration of rad
alkylating agents are particularly damaging (not cell-cycle specific)

48
Q

Tx of premature ovarian failure

A 
Hormone Replacement (risk: DVT)
IVF (Can carry pregnancy!)
Cryopreservation, experimental Tx (preservation, autotransplantation, Lupron)x
49
Q

Most important paradigm in contraception

A

convenience = efficacy

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