Respiratory System

Question 1

simple organisms vs large organism’s respiratory system

Answer 1

simple: can diffuse in oxygen
large: need respiratory system

Question 2

ventilation vs respiration, where it happens

Answer 2

ventilation: air in and out, happens in conduction zone
respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2, happens in respiratory zone

Question 3

conduction zone pathway from nose

Answer 3

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles

Question 4

respiratory zone pathway from respiratory bronchioles

Answer 4

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 5

other roles of respiratory system

Answer 5

pH, thermoregulation, protection

Question 6

larynx made of, contains

Answer 6

made of cartilage so keeps airway open
has epiglottis to seal trachea
has vocal cords

Question 7

what are primary bronchi vs bronchioles made of

Answer 7

primary bronchi made of cartilage

bronchioles not made of cartilage but smooth muscle for regulation of alveoli

Question 8

respiratory tract lined with ___ cells and the ____ cells secrete ____

Answer 8

lined with columnar cells, some are goblet cells that secrete mucus, no gas exchange

Question 9

alveoli lined with _______

Answer 9

single layer simple squamous epithelium, no mucus but alveolar macrophages

Question 10

mucociliary escalator

Answer 10

path of dust particle swept down by cilia into mucosal area and then to pharynx

Question 11

what keeps alveolus from collapsing

Answer 11

soapy surfactant that gets rid of water’s surface tension

Question 12

process of inspiration

Answer 12

active contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles between ribs expand

Question 13

process of expiration

Answer 13

passive recoil of lungs

when forced, includes abdominal muscle push

Question 14

2 types of pleura and their space

Answer 14

parietal pleura: lining of body
visceral pleura: lining of lung
pleural space: negative pressure to create vacuum and prevent collapsing

Question 15

order of steps of inspiration

Answer 15

diaphragm contracts
volume of chest cavity expands
pleural pressure decreases
lung expands
pressure in alveoli becomes negative
air enters lungs and alveoli

Question 16

at the end of a resting expiration, alveolar pressure is

Answer 16

0

Question 17

total volume

Answer 17

amount of air that moves in and out of lungs at normal (10% of total)

Question 18

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 18

volume expired in passive breath

Question 19

functional residual capacity

Answer 19

volume left after a passive inhale

Question 20

inspirational reserve volume

Answer 20

volume inspired in passive breath

Question 21

inspiratory capacity

Answer 21

max volume inspired after relaxed expiration

Question 22

vital capacity

Answer 22

max volume inspired after max exhale

Question 23

residual volume

Answer 23

volume left after strongest exhale

Question 24

total lung capacity

Answer 24

vital capacity + residual volume (total volume of lung)

Question 25

pulmonary edema caused when

Answer 25

pressure in L atrium rises, pressure in pulmonary blood leads to fluid leak

Question 26

composition of air

Answer 26

80% N2
20% O2
0.5% H2O
0.04% CO2

Question 27

what affects whether a gas will diffuse into liquid or not

Answer 27

dependent on partial pressure and solubility

P x S

Question 28

gas in respiratory membrane must pass through 3 things

Answer 28

alveolar epithelium, interstitial fluid, then capillary endothelium

Question 29

pulmonary capillaries O2 is equilibrated to

Answer 29

alveolar partial pressure of O2

not same as atmospheric O2 pressure because we have H2O and CO2 that takes up the partial pressure

Question 30

breathing is controlled by ______ in brain and stimulated by____ which is monitored by

Answer 30

medullar respiratory control center
increase on CO2, decrease in pH, decrease in O2
monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta/carotid arteries and central chemoreceptors in spine

Question 31

bronchoconstriction is triggered by

Answer 31

mechanical stretching of lung tissue
irritation (stop from entering body)
parasympathetic ACh
mast cells during allergy attack

Question 32

levels of skin and type of cell in each

Answer 32

hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue), dermis (various cells and blood vessels in connective tissue matrix), epidermis (squamous epithelial)

Question 33

stratum basale

Answer 33

bottom most layer of epidermis that keeps replenishing sloughed off epidermis

Question 34

which cells are keratinized in skin and why

Answer 34

top of epidermis

when cells die fill with thick keratin to make skin waterproof

Question 35

various cell types in subdermis

Answer 35

sensory receptors, sudoriferous glands (sweat), sebaceous glands (oil), hair follicles

Question 36

melanin is in which layer of skin

Answer 36

epidermis

Question 37

homeotherm

Answer 37

organism whose temperature is constantly regulated

Question 38

chemical thermogenesis

Answer 38

something bears do by burning brown adipose tissue for heat

Question 39

what body does when it’s cold

Answer 39

contraction of skeletal muscles to shiver
skin insulates
suppress heat loss by cutaneous vasoconstriction (constrict blood flow to skin

Question 40

what body does when hot

Answer 40

sweat

cutaneous vasodilation for more blood to flow to skin