7a Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
Ingestion
A
Introduction of food
2
Q
Mastication
A
Chewing
3
Q
Propulsion
A
- Deglutition
- Peristalsis
4
Q
Deglutition
A
Swallowing
5
Q
Segmental Contractions
A
A way of smooth muscle slosh material back and forth without moving it down the line
6
Q
Peristalsis
A
Squeeze food down the esophagus
7
Q
Secretion
A
- Mucus (lubricate)
- Water (liquefy): Need to mix with mucus to introduce enzyme
- Bile (Digest): emulsifies fats (breaks fat down to tiny little droplets)
- Enzymes: Chemical digestion
8
Q
Absorption
A
Movement from tract into circulation or lymph
9
Q
Elimination
A
Waste products removed from body; feces.
10
Q
Histology of GI Tract
A
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularsis
- Serosa (Adventitia)
11
Q
Mucosa
A
- Innermost layer
- mucous epithelium and simple columnar epithelium in the rest of tract
12
Q
Submucosa
A
Thick Connective tissue layer with nerves, blood vessels, and small glands
13
Q
Muscularis
A
- 2 or 3 layers of smooth muscle, two of which are circular and longitudinal
- Contains enteric plexus
14
Q
Serosa (Adventitia)
A
- Connective tissue
15
Q
Peritoneum
A
- Visceral
-Parietal
-Retroperitoneal
16
Q
Visceral Peritoneum
A
Covers organs
17
Q
Parietal Peritoneum
A
Attach to abdominal wall
18
Q
Retroperitoneal Peritoneum
A
Certain organs are covered here on only one surface and behind peritoneum
19
Q
Mesenteries
A
Two layers of peritoneum with thin layer of loose connective tissue between
20
Q
Multicellular Glands
A
- Parotid
- Submandibular
- Sublingual
21
Q
Parotid Gland
A
- Largest
- Serous (water secretion)
- Anterior to ear
22
Q
Submandibular Gland
A
- Mixed, but more serous
- Posterior half of inferior border of mandible
23
Q
Sublingual Gland
A
- Smallest
- Mixed, but more mucous (mucus secretion)
24
Q
Lingual Gland
A
- Small
- Coiled tubular glands on surface of tongue
25
Saliva
- Prevents bacterial infections
- Lubrication
- Helps to form bolus for swallowing
26
Sphincters
- Upper = striated
- Lower = smooth
27
Phases of Swallowing
- Voluntary
- Pharyngeal
- Esophageal
28
Voluntary Phase
Bolus of food moved by tongue from oral cavity to pharynx (In control)
29
Pharyngeal Phase
- Controlled by medulla oblongata
- Soft palate elevates and esophageal sphincter relaxes, elevated pharynx opens esophagus
- Food is pushed into esophagus by pharyngeal constrictiors
-Reflex
30
Esophageal Phase
- Reflex
- Stretch of esophagus causes enteric NS to initiate peristalsis of muscles in esophagus
31
Sphincters of Stomach
- Cardiac (lower esophageal)
- Pyloric
32
Rugae
- Folds in stomach hen empty
- allows stomach to expand
33
Histology of stomach
Layers
- Serosa/ Visceral peritoneum
- Muscularis:
- Outer longitudinal
- Middle circular
- Inner oblique
- Submucosa
- Mucosa
34
Mucous neck/ mucus cell
Mucus = goblet cells
- Protects from acidic chyme and enzyme pepsin
35
Parietal Cell
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
- Kills bacteria
- Stops carbs. digestion by inactivating salivary amylase
- Denatures proteins
- Help converts pepsinogen to pepsin
36
Chief Cell
Pepsinogen
37
Endocrine of Stomach
- Regulatory hormones
- Help stomach to communicate with other parts of GI tract
38
Secretions of Stomach
- Chyme
- Mucus
- Intrinsic factor
- HCI
39
Chyme
Ingested food plus stomach secretions (vomit)
40
Gastric Control
- Cephalic
- Gastric
-Intestinal
41
Cephalic Phase
- Thinking about food
- Starts to stimulate the stomach
-Excites cells
42
Gastric Phase
- Distention of stomach activates parasympathetic reflex
- Medulla oblongata stimulates further secretions of stomach
43
Intestinal Phase
- Inhibit stomach acid
- When food goes down the small intestine, acid is turn down and more mucus is produce
44
Small Intestine Divisions
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
45
Function of Small Intestine
- Primary organ of chemical digestion
- Nutrient absorption
46
What increase surface area?
- Plicae circulares
- Villi
- Microvilli
47
Peyer's Patches
- lymphatic nodules numerous in mucosa and submucosa
- Guards for infection
48
Ileocecal junction
Where small and large intestine meets
49
Brush Border
Digestive enzymes bound to membrane of absorptive cells
50
Disaccharidases
Break down to monosaccharides (simple sugar)
51
Peptidases
Breaks protein down
52
Nucleases
Break down DNA and RNA
53
Functions of Liver
- Bile production
- Storage of Carbs
- Change anything to fat
- Detoxification
- WBCs located there
- Plasma proteins and clotting factors
54
Gallbladder
Storage of bile
55
Chloecystokinin
- gallbladder mover
- flows to bloodstream to down regulate gastric secretions
- and squeeze bile out
56
Pancreas
- Endocrine and exocrine
- Endocrine: produce insulin, glucose, and somatostatin
- Exocrine: groups acini form lobules separated by septa
