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SNAB biology hoe > 7A Muscles and Respiration > Flashcards

7A Muscles and Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle

A

muscle you use to move

contractions are voluntary

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2
Q

flexor

A

muscle bends at joint when contracting

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3
Q

extensor

A

muscle that straightens at joint when contracting

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4
Q

antagonistic pairs

A

muscle pulls in one direction at a joint and the other muscle pulls in the opposite direction

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5
Q

sarcomere

A

each repeated pattern of proteins

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6
Q

ligaments

A

join bone to bone

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7
Q

tendons

A

join muscle to bone

used to repair ligaments in keyhole surgery

NOT ELASTIC

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8
Q

A band

A

AMIABLE

has both myosin and actin
-> shows movement of actin fibres BETWEEN myosin fibres

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9
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of actin and myosin filaments
-> slide past each other during muscle contraction

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10
Q

H zone

A

H ate
A ctin

only myosin present
-> shortens when contracts

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11
Q

I band

A

only actin

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12
Q

myosin

A

dark bands

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13
Q

actin

A

light bands

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14
Q

cartilage

A

protects bones within joints by
absorbing shock

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15
Q

synovial fluid

A

fluid that acts as lubricant as enables bones to move freely

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16
Q

why do muscle work in pairs?

A

they can only pull when they contract

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17
Q

how do cells get their energy?

A

during respiration -> glucose broken down
-> releases energy which is used to
make ATP (phosphorylation)

18
Q

explain why glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm?

A
  • cytoplasm has enzymes needed for glycolytic pathway
  • only place where these enzymes are found!!!
19
Q

state the coenzymes used in respiration and their function

A
  • NAD and FAD
    -> transfer H⁺ from one molecule to another - so they can red / ox molecule
    -> so NAD stops area where other** enzymes** are getting too acidic so enzymes don’t denature
  • Coenzyme A
    -> transfers acetate between molecules (link reaction)
20
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

breaking of bonds in glucose gives energy needed to phosphorylate (add Pi group) ADP to ATP

21
Q

why does the link reaction happen in the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • enzymes and coenzymes needed located here
  • NADH made is in right place to be used by oxidative phosphorylation (in inner mitochondrial membrane)
22
Q

why does the Kreb cycle happen in the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • each reaction in Krebs is controlled by specific intracellular enzyme
  • which is found in mitochondrial matrix
23
Q

describe how acetate in made from pyruvate in the link reaction

A
  • pyruvate is decarboxylated (carbon removed) - 1C removed in form of CO₂
  • NAD is reduced (NADH) by collecting H from pyruvate -> making acetate!!
24
Q

for every 1 glucose molecule …

A

link reaction occurs x2

  • 2 acetyl co. A go into Krebs
  • 2 CO₂ molecules released as waste product of respiration
  • 2 NADH made and are used in oxidative phosphorylation
25
Q

chemiosmosis

A

movement of H⁺ ions across selectively permeable membrane down grad to generate ATP

26
Q

e- lose energy down the E.T.C. what is this energy used for?

A

used by e- carriers to pump H⁺ ions into intermembranal space

27
Q

suggest why acetyl co. A cannot be made in anaerobic respiration

check

A

pyruvate cannot be ox as NADH not recycled

28
Q

describe how ATP is synthesised in oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • H⁺ ions move down electrochemical gradient back into mitochondrial matrix via enzyme ATPsynthase
  • this movement drives ADP + Pi -> ATP
  • this is chemiosmosis
29
Q

suggest why a cell may have more cristae (folds) in mitochondria

A

if cell is metabolically active
= more ATP made = more cristae

30
Q

state why glycolysis is an anaerobic process itself

A

doesn’t need O₂ to take place

31
Q

what is the final e- acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

O₂ (from blood)

1/2 O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ -> H₂O

32
Q

what happens to lactate (lactic acid) after a period of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • ox. back into pyruvate
  • pyruvate directly ox. into CO₂ and H₂O via Krebs
  • some lactate converted to …
    -> glycogen (stored form of glucose)
    and stored in liver cells
    -> OR glucose and respired
33
Q

metabolic pathway

A
  • many stepped process
  • with each step controlled and catalysed by specific intracellular enzyme
34
Q

state the adv. and disadv. of using a simple respirometer in finding the rate of respiration

A

adv.

  • easy to set up
  • not many connections so makes ‘good seal’ easier to obtain

disadv.

  • cannot be reset
  • needs control tube alongside it
  • scale not as accurate = measurements not as accurate
35
Q

state the adv. and disadv. of using a u-tube respirometer in finding the rate of respiration

A

adv.

  • doesn’t need additional control
  • syringe allows dye to be reset

disadv.

  • tendency for connections to leak in old models
  • more expensive
36
Q

what is the use of soda lime / KOH sol in rate of respiration practical?

A

absorbs CO₂

37
Q

why can’t filaments slide past each other when muscle is relaxed?

A
  • actin-myosin sites blocked by tropomyosin held in place by troponin
  • so myofilaments cannot slide past each other …
  • as myosin heads cannot bind to actin-myosin binding sites on actin filaments
38
Q

what happens to troponin during muscle contraction and what is the effect of this?

A
  • Ca²⁺ bind to troponin …
  • changing its shape so tropomyosin is moved …
  • and actin-myosin binding sites exposed
39
Q

describe what happens in the sarcomere when a muscle contracts

(6 marks)

A
  1. action potential stimulates muscle cell and depolarises sarcolemma
  2. depolarisation spreads down T-tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum -> causes SR to release Ca²⁺ into sarcoplasm
  3. Ca²⁺ bind to troponin -> causing it to change shape and make tropomyosin move…
  4. … exposing actin-myosin binding site -> allows myosin heads to bind to them -> ACTIN-MYOSIN CROSSBRIDGE FORMED
  5. Ca²⁺ activate ATPase -> breaks down ATP->ADP + Pi to provide energy needed for muscle contraction
  6. energy moves myosin head -> pulls actin over myosin
  7. energy also used to break actin-myosin crossbridge -> myosin head detaches from actin
  8. myosin head reattaches to binding site further along actin -> new crossbridge formed and cycle repeats
  9. many crossbridges form and break v rapido = shortens sarcomere = muscle contracts
40
Q

why is ATP required for muscle contraction?

A
  • provides energy to move myosin head
  • and break crossbridge to allow binding to next binding site

SNAB biology hoe (15 decks)

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