7th NCERT Flashcards
(246 cards)
1
Q
Described Hindustan as the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna.He used the term in a political sense for lands that were a part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultan
A
Minhaj-i-Siraj, a chronicler who wrote in Persian
2
Q
used Hindustan tom describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent
A
Babur
3
Q
nastaliq and shikaste
A
Different kinds of handwriting in
Persian and Arabic
4
Q
New foods and beverages arrived
in the subcontinent
A
potatoes, corn, chillies, tea and
coffee
5
Q
ulama –
A
learned theologians and jurists
6
Q
mahamandaleshvara
A
(the great lord of a
“circle” or region) and
7
Q
Rashtrakutas in the Deccan. Initially
they were subordinate to
A
the Chalukyas of Karnataka
8
Q
Rashtrakuta chief,
overthrew his Chalukya overlord and performed a ritual called hiranya garbha
A
Dantidurga
9
Q
Wall relief from Cave 15, Ellora, showing Vishnu as Narasimha, the man-lion. It is a work of the
A
Rashtrakuta period
10
Q
Chola region state
A
Tamil Nadu
11
Q
Cheras region state
A
Kerala
12
Q
Palas region state
A
West bengal Odisha
13
Q
Vetti tax In Chola empire
A
Taken not in cash but forced labour
14
Q
kadamai, tax In Chola empire
A
land revenue
15
Q
poem containing the history of kings who ruled over
Kashmir. It was composed by an author named
A
Kalhana.
Unlike the writers bof prashastis, he was often critical about rulers and their policies.
16
Q
tripartite struggle”.
A
Gurjara-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Pala dynasties
17
Q
He raided the subcontinent almost every year – his
targets were wealthy temples, including that of
Somnath, Gujarat
A
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan.
18
Q
Kitab - i - hind by
A
Al burani of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan
19
Q
Chauhans or Chamanas region state
A
Delhi Ajmer
20
Q
Gahadavalas of region state
A
Western UP
21
Q
Chalukyas region state
A
Gujarat
22
Q
The best-known Chahamana ruler was
), who defeated an Afghan ruler named Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191
A
Prithviraja III (1168-1192
23
Q
minor chiefly family known as the held power in the Kaveri delta.
A
Muttaraiyar
24
Q
who belonged to the ancient
chiefly family of the Cholas from Uraiyur, captured the
delta from the Muttaraiyar in the middle of the ninth
century
A
Vijayalaya,
25
He built the town of Thanjavur and a temple
| for goddess Nishumbhasudini there.
Vijayalaya,
26
considered the most powerful Chola ruler
Rajaraja I,
27
Rajaraja’s son continued his policies and even raided the Ganga valley, Sri Lanka and countries of Southeast Asia, developing a navy for these expeditions
Rajendra I c
28
The Pandyan and the Pallava territories to the
| south and north were made part of this kingdom
Chola Kingdom
29
Metal used in Chola temples
Bronze
30
Settlements of peasants in Chola kingdom known as
Ur
31
Groups of such villages Ur formed larger units in Chola kingdom called
nadu
32
The Chola kings gave some rich landowners titles like
muvendavelan (a velan or peasant serving three kings), araiyar (chief),
33
Caste of peasants in Chola kingdom
Vellala
34
Chola inscriptions mention several categories of land
vellanvagai
land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors
35
Chola inscriptions mention several categories of land
| brahmadeya
land gifted to Brahmanas
36
shalabhoga
land for the maintenance of a school
37
devadana, tirunamattukkani
land gifted to temples
38
pallichchhandam
land donated to Jaina institutions
39
Associations of traders known as in Chola kingdom
nagarams
40
The working of a sabha in Chola kingdom mentioned :
the Uttaramerur
| inscription
41
which informs us about the lives of
| ordinary men and women in Chola kingdom
Periyapuranam
42
Delhi first became the capital
| of a kingdom under
the Tomara Rajputs
43
It was under the that Delhi became an important commercial centre
Tomaras and Chauhans
44
Coins minted in delhi, called
dehliwal, had a wide circulation
45
chronicler of the age, when Sultan Iltutmish’s daughter, Raziyya, became Sultan.
Minhaj-i Siraj
46
Military expeditions into southern India started during the reign
of Alauddin Khalji and culminated with Muhammad
| Tughluq
47
This was the congregational mosque of the first city built by the Delhi Sultans, described in the chronicles as Dehli-i kuhna (the old city
Quwwat al-Islam
48
Quwwat al-Islam was enlarged by
Iltutmish and Alauddin Khalji
49
The minar of Quwwat al-Islam was built by
| three Sultans–
Qutbuddin Aybak, Iltutmish and Firuz Shah Tughluq
50
Begumpuri mosque, built in the reign of
Muhammad Tughluq
51
Khutba meaning
Sermon
52
This is called the qibla.
Muslims stand facing Mecca. In
| India this is to the west.
53
Moth ki Masjid, built in the reign of
Sikandar Lodi by his
| minister
54
favoured their special slaves
purchased for military service, called bandagan in
Persian as governors
Iltutmish
55
continued to use bandagan and also raised people of humble birth, who were often their clients, to high political positions
The Khaljis and Tughluqs
56
, a midfourteenth- century-chronicler during reign of Sultan Muhammad Tughluq
Ziyauddin Barani
57
Holder of iqta land during the Khalji and Tughluq
| monarchs
Muqti
58
Control over muqtis was most effective if their office
was not inheritable and if they were assigned iqtas for
a short period of time before being shifted. These harsh conditions of service were rigorously imposed during the reigns of
Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad
| Tughluq.
59
The rights of the local chieftains to levy taxes were cancelled and they were also forced to pay taxes during reign of .
Alauddin Khalji
60
Kharaj
Tax on cultivation during Alauddin Khalji
61
Account on Chieftains and their fortifications by
Ibn Battuta, a fourteenth-century traveller from Morocco, Africa,
62
constructed a new garrison town named Siri for
| his soldiers
Alauddin Khalji
63
he used a token” currency, somewhat like present-day paper currency,
Muhammad Tughluq.
64
for the first time in the history of the
| Sultanate, a Delhi Sultan planned a campaign to captureMongol territory.
Muhammad Tughluq.
65
His administration became
| the model followed by the great emperor Akbar
Sher Shah of Suri dynasty
66
Babur defeated
Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra
67
defeated Ibrahim Lodi and his Afghan supporters
| at Panipat
BABUR 1526-1530
68
defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi;
| Established control over Agra and Delhi before his death
BABUR 1526-1530
69
The ambitions of his brother Mirza Kamran weakened
| cause against Afghan competitors
HUMAYUN 1530-1540, 1555-1556
70
defeated Humayun at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540),forcing him to flee to Iran
Sher Khan
71
Qandahar was seized from the Safavids, Kashmir was annexed, as also Kabul,m after the death of Mirza Hakim.
AKBAR 1556-1605
72
The Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi
| rebelled and was defeated
Shah Jahan 1627-1658
73
In 1632 Ahmadnagar was finally annexed and the Bijapurm forces sued for peace.
Shah Jahan 1627-1658
74
Qandahar was lost to the Safavids.
Shah Jahan 1627-1658
75
Bijapur was annexed in 1685 and
| Golconda in 1687. From
Aurangzeb 1658-1707
76
mansab meaning
Position or rank
77
Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue
| assignments called s
jagirs which were somewhat like
| iqta
78
difference between muqtis and mansabdars
But unlike muqtis, most mansabdars did not
| actually reside in or administer their jagirs
79
thesejagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were roughly equal to the salary of the
mansabdar during reign of
Akbar
80
Revenue minister of Akbar
Todar Mal
81
Each province was
divided into revenue circles with its own
schedule of revenue rates for individual
crops. This revenue system was known as
zabt
82
zabt introduced by
Todar Mal during reign of Akbar
83
wrote a three-volume history
| of Akbar’s reign, titled Akbar Nama
Abul Fazl
84
The first volume of Akbar Nama dealt with
with Akbar’s ancestors
85
second volume of Akbar Nama recorded
the events of
| Akbar’s reign
86
third volume of Akbar Nama called
Ain I Akbari
87
Ain I Akbari deals with
deals with Akbar’s administration, household, army, the revenues and the geography of his empire
88
Abul Fazl explained that the empire was divided
| into provinces called
subas
89
subadar, who carried functions
both political and military functions
90
financial officer in Suba
Diwan
91
the military paymaster in Suba
(bakhshi
92
the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage in suba
(sadr
93
military commanders in suba
(faujdars
94
the town police
| commander in suba
(kotwal).
95
idea of sulh-i kul or “universal peace by
Akbar
96
Construction of Qutub Minar
The first floor was constructed by Qutbuddin Aybak and the rest by Iltutmish Over the years it was damaged by lightning and earthquakes and repaired by Alauddin Khalji, Muhammad Tughluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq and Ibrahim Lodi
97
a style of architecture called “trabeate” or
| “corbelled
placing a horizontal beam across two vertical
| columns,
98
Kandariya Mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999 by
the king
Dhangadeva
of the Chandela dynasty
99
Rajarajeshvara temple. An inscription mentions that
| it was built by
King Rajarajadeva for the worship of
| his god, Rajarajeshvaram
100
the ruler was the “architect of the
| workshop of empire and religion
The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan’s chronicle declared this
101
won universal respect for constructing a large reservoir
| just outside Dehli-i-Kuhna. It was called the Hauz-i-Sultani or the “King’s Reservoir
Sultan Iltutmish
102
the Buddhist monk and chronicler Dhammakitti mentions
when the Pandyan king Shrimara
Shrivallabha invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the
king, Sena I (831-851
103
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni was a contemporary of
Rajendra I
104
Idea of Chahar Bagh
Babur
105
The central towering dome and the tall gateway
| (pishtaq) became important aspects of Mughal architecture during reign of
Akbar
106
The central towering dome and the tall gateway
| (pishtaq) became important aspects of Mughal architecture first seen in
Humayun's tomb
107
Humayuns tomb material
red sandstone and white marble
108
hasht bihisht – a central hall surrounded by eight
| rooms in
Humayun's tomb
109
diwan e aam and diwan e khas built by
Shah Jahan
110
Pietra dura
Coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful, ornate patterns
111
In this the dwelling was not located in
| the middle of the chahar bagh but at its edge, close to the bank of the river during reign of
Shah Jahan
112
Govind Deva in Vrindavan material
red sandstone
113
the elephant stables of the rulers were strongly influenced by the style of architecture found
in the adjoining Sultanates of Bijapur and Golconda
In Vijayanagara empire
114
Rajarajeshvara temple
| built by
King Rajaraja Chola
115
Rajarajeshvara temple architect
Kunjaramallan Rajaraja Perunthachchan
116
weavers in Thanjavur of chola kingdom
Saliya
117
Sculptors in Thanjavur of chola kingdom
Svamimalai
118
Lost wax technique used in this empire
Chola
119
celebrated Sufi saint (see also Chapter 8) who settled
| in ajmer
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti,
120
Manigramam and Nanadesi
Guilds of traders in south india. These guilds traded
extensively both within the peninsula and with
Southeast Asia and China.
121
who went on to become the
| principal trading groups of the country
Chettiars and
| the Marwari Oswal
122
Besides, trade in horses was
| primarily carried on through this route
Kabul and Qandahar were linked to the
| celebrated Silk Route.
123
community, consisting of goldsmiths, bronzesmiths,
blacksmiths, masons and carpenters, were essential
to the building of temples
The Panchalas or Vishwakarma
124
The craftspersons of Bidar were so famed for
their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to
be called
Bidri.
125
Weavers such as the emerged as
| prosperous communities,
Saliyar or Kaikkolars
126
Hampi is located in the Krishna-Tungabhadra basin,
| which formed the nucleus of the
Vijayanagara
| Empire
127
This is he described Hampi in the sixteenth century:
Portuguese traveller, Domingo Paes,
128
Hampi fell into ruin following the defeat of
| Vijayanagara in 1565 by the Deccani Sultans – the rulers
of Golconda, Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Bidar.
129
place where goods from diverse production centres are bought and sold
Emporium (Surat
130
English chronicler who wrote an account of the port Surat
Ovington
131
had huge banking houses at Surat
The Kathiawad seths or mahajans
| (moneychangers
132
It is noteworthy that the Surat hundis were honoured
| in the far-off markets of m
Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq
| and Antwerp in Belgium
133
The fort at Masulipatnam was built by
the Dutch
134
This is a description of Masulipatnam by Factor of the English East India Company,
in 1620:
William Methwold,
135
imposed royal monopolies on the sale of textiles, spices and other items to prevent the trade passing completely into the hands of the various East India Companies
The Qutb Shahi rulers of Golconda
136
Traders in Masulipatnam
Telugu Komati Chettis
137
the governor who was also a merchant,
began to play off the Dutch and the English against
each other
Mir Jumla
138
annexed Golconda
Aurangzaeb
139
Initially great Indian traders like
who owned a large
number of ships competed with english dutch french
Mulla Abdul Ghafur and Virji Vora
140
In Punjab , these tribes were very influential
Khokhar and Ghakkars
141
was made a noble (mansabdar) by Emperor Akbar
kamal Khan Ghakkar
142
Dominat tribes in Multan and sind
Langahs and Arghuns, Balochis
143
Western Himalaya tribe
Gaddis
144
Cheifdoms in Bihar and Jharkhand
Chero Cheifdom
145
Akbar’s famous general, attacked and defeated the Cheros in 1591
Raja Man Singh
146
tribes in Orissa and WEst Bengal
Munda and Santhal
147
tribes in Maharashtra highland
Kolis and Berads
148
south there were large tribal populations of
Koragas, Vetars, Maravars and many others
149
tribe was spread across western and central
| India.
Bhil
150
the most important tradernomads.
The Banjaras
151
caravan of The Banjaras was called
tanda.
152
used the Banjaras to
| transport grain to the city markets.
Sultan Alauddin Khalj
153
wrote in his memoirs that the Banjaras carried grain
on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in
towns.
Emperor Jahangir
154
an English trader who came to India
during the early seventeenth century, has described
the Banjaras:
Peter Mundy
155
The Akbar Nama, a history of Akbar’s
| reign, mentions the Gond kingdom of
Garha Katanga
156
administrative system of these Gond kingdoms
Each garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan. This was further divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi. The chaurasi was subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each.
157
the Gond raja of Garha Katanga, assumed
| the title of Sangram Shah.
Aman Das
158
In 1565,the Mughal forces under
| attacked Garha Katanga
Asaf Khan
159
Gond kingdoms struggled unsuccessfully against the stronger
Bundelas and Marathas
160
They, created a new state by suppressing the older political system of the bhuiyans (landlords
Ahoms
161
Mughals under attacked the Ahoms
Mir Jumla
162
Paiks
Forced labourers in Ahom Kingdom
163
introduced new methods of rice cultivation
Ahoms
164
Clans in ahom kingdom were called
Khels who controlled several villages
165
Buranjis
Historical written work in Ahom kingdoms first in the Ahom language and then in Assamese.
166
Time period of Alvars and Nayanars
7th to 9th century
167
Alvars
(saints devoted to Vishnu) 12
168
Nayanars
(saints devoted to Shiva) 63
169
examples of Nayanars
Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar and Manikkavasagar.
170
Compilation of songs of Nayanars
Tevaram and Tiruvacakam.
171
examples of Alvars
Periyalvar, his daughter Andal, Tondaradippodi Alvar
| and Nammalvar
172
Compilation of songs of Alvars
the Divya Prabandham
173
Shankara
- Born in Kerala in the eighth century
- advocate of Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality
- Brahman without any attributes.
- adoption of the path of knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation
- preached renunciation of the world
174
Ramanuja
- born in Tamil Nadu in the eleventh century
- influenced by the Alvars.
- He propounded the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita or qualified oneness in that the soul even when united with the Supreme God remained distinct
175
dvocate of Advaita or the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the Supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality
Shankara
176
He propounded the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita or qualified oneness
Ramanuja
177
Virashaiva movement initiated by
Basavanna and his companions Alam Prabhu and akkamahadevi
178
vachanas or sayings attributed to
Basavanna
179
As the famous Gujarati saint said They are Vaishnavas who understand the pain of others
Narsi Mehta
180
Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas and Yogis
- advocated renunciation of the world.
- the path to salvation lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate Reality and the realisation of oneness with it
- a popular force in northern India.
- Yogasanas and meditation
181
Among the great Sufis of Central Asia were .
Ghazzali, Rumi
| and Sadi
182
zikr
(chanting of a name or sacred formula)
183
Sama
Singing
184
raqs
dancing
185
Silsila
genealogy of Sufi teachers
186
Khanqahs or hospice
House of rest for travellers, especially one kept by a religious order.
187
Saints in Chisti Silsila
Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti, Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki ,
| Baba Farid, Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya, Bandanawaz Gisudaraz
188
Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti, state
Ajmer
189
Qutubuddin Bakhtiar Kaki ,state
Delhi
190
Baba Faridstate
Punjab
191
Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya, state
Delhi
192
Bandanawaz Gisudaraz state
Gulburga
193
was a great thirteenth-century Sufi poet
| from Iran who wrote in Persian.
Jalaluddin Rumi
194
, a sixteenth-century bhakti saint from Bengal, preached selfless devotion to Krishna-Radha
Chaitanyadeva
195
conceived of God in the form of Rama
Tulsidas
196
Ramcharitmas in awadhi Language by
Tulsidas
197
Ardent devotee of Krishna
Surdas
198
Hiscompositions, compiled in the Sursagara, Surasaravali and Sahitya Lahari, express his devotion
Surdas
199
who emphasised devotion to Vishnu, and composed poems and plays in Assamese
Shankaradeva of Assam (late fifteenth century
200
He began the practice of setting up namghars or houses of recitation and prayer, a practice that continues to date
Shankaradeva of Assam (
201
Mirabai became a disciple of
Ravidas
202
his ideas from a vast collection of verses
| called sakhis and pads
Kabir who probably lived in the fifteenth-sixteenth
centuries
brought up in a family of Muslim julahas
Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and
preached that the only path to salvation was through
bhakti or devotion
203
sakhis and pads collected and preserved in t
he Guru
| Granth Sahib, Panch Vani and Bijak
204
Guru Nanak appointed one of
| his followers as his successor.
Guru Angad (Lehna)
205
compiled the compositions of Guru Nanak in new script Gurumukhi
Guru Angad
206
looked upon them as a potential threat and he ordered the execution of Guru Arjan
Jahangir
207
this compilation was authenticated by his son and successor, . It is now known as Guru Granth Sahib,
Guru Gobind Singh
208
He himself used the terms nam, dan and isnan
Guru Nanak
209
His teachings are now remembered
as nam-japna, kirt-karna and vand-chhchhakna, which
also underline the importance of right belief and
worship, honest living, and helping others.
Guru Nanak
210
The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the south-western part of the peninsula, part of present-day
Kerala
211
text, the dealing with
grammar and poetics, was composed in Manipravalam
– literally, “diamonds and corals” referring to the two
languages, Sanskrit and the regional language in Chera Kingdom
Lilatilakam,
212
Jagannath cult the deity was originally
a local god, who was later identified
with Vishnu. in state of
Orissa
213
, decided to erect a temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri.
Anantavarman
214
dedicated his kingdom to the deity and proclaimed
| himself as the “deputy” of the god
king Anangabhima III
215
Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, it grew into a major art form.
Kathak
216
Intense style miniature painting in Himachal Pradesh
Basholi
217
Rasamanjari In HP paited by
Bhanudatta
218
kangara school influenced by
vaishanavait traditions
219
In the seventh century the Chinese traveller observed that languages related to Sanskrit were in use all over Bengal.
Xuan Zang
220
Early bengali literature indebted to sanskrit
Mangalakavyas and Chaitanya Deva leader of the Vaishnava bhakti
221
Early bengali literature independent of Sanskrit
Nath literature such as the songs of Maynamati and Gopichandra for deity Dharmathakur
222
Pir
A Persian word meaning a spiritual guide.popular in Bengal
223
low social groups in bengal who built temples
Kolu (oil pressers) and the Kansari (bell metal
| workers
224
Dochala and chauchala
double roofed and four roofed temple struture in Bengal
225
The Brihaddharma Purana,
thirteenth-century Sanskrit text from Bengal, permitted the local Brahmanas to eat certain varieties of fish
226
Subahdar
governor of province in Mughal empire often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration
227
Iran ruler Nadir Shah, sacked and plundered
| the city of Delhi in
1739
228
plundering raids by the Afghan ruler Ahmad
Shah Abdali, who invaded north India five times
between
1748 and 1761.
229
Watan jagirs
States that had considerable independence
These included several Rajput
principalities. (3)
230
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of Hyderabad
state, was one of the most powerful members at the
court of the Mughal Emperor
Farrukh Siyar.
231
Nayakas
Independent telugu warrior chiefs
232
Ijaradars
revenue farmers in Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad
233
He also reduced the size of jagirs in Awadh , and appointed his own loyal servants to vacant positions
Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan
234
naib
deputy governor (Murshid Quli Khan)
235
During his reign the banking house of Jagat
| Seth became extremely prosperous.
rule of Alivardi Khan
236
Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur held the governorship of
Gujarat
237
Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Amber was
| governor of
Malwa.
238
the Khalsa rose in revolt against the Mughal authority
| under
Banda Bahadur’s leadership,
239
Banda Bahadur establish his own adminsitration between rivers
Sutlej and Jamuna
240
the Sikhs organized themselves into a number
| of bands called
jathas, and later on misls
241
A system called rakhi was introduced in Sikh kingdom
| for
offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a
| tax of 20 per cent of the produce
242
Chauth
25 per cent of the land revenue claimed by zamindars
243
Sardeshmukhi
9-10 per cent of the land revenue paid to the head revenue collector in the Deccan
244
Jats they acquired control over territories situated to the west of the city of Delhi under leadership of
Churaman,
245
Under the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a
| strong state.
Suraj Mal
246
Jats buildings were modelled on architectural forms first associated with royalty under
Shah Jahan
