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Self and Society > (8) Attitudes > Flashcards

(8) Attitudes Flashcards

1
Q

What are attitudes?

A

More to do with favourability, positive or negative evaluation, attitudes can changes (definition stays the same)

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2
Q

How many components are there in attitudes?

A

three

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3
Q

What is the first component of an attitude?

A

affect (evaluation) for or against a psychological object (Thurstone, 1931)

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4
Q

What is the second component of an attitude?

A

consists of the mental readiness to act, and it guides evaluative responsive (Allport)

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5
Q

What is the third component of an attitude?

A

consists of the cognitive, affective and behavioural components (thought, feeling and action)

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6
Q

What are Katz & Scotland (1959); Haddock & Zanna (1998) three components of an attitude?

A
  • Knowledge (cognitive)
  • Feeling (affect)
  • Action (behaviour)
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7
Q

Why do we need attitudes?

A

Helps us to quickly summarise a situation, person or object

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8
Q

What does Katz (1960) believe knowledge is?

A

provide meaningful, structured environment

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9
Q

What does Katz (1960) believe instrumentality is?

A

means to an end or goal

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10
Q

What does Katz (1960) believe Ego defence is?

A

protecting one’s self-esteem, superior attitude

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11
Q

What does Katz (1960) believe Value expressiveness is?

A

allowing people to display those values that uniquely identify and define them

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12
Q

What did Pratkanis and Greenwald, 1989 highlight?

A

Highlights an evaluative component, knowledge of an object is represented in memory along with a summary of how to appraise that object

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13
Q

What did Pratkanis and Greenwald, 1989 define an attitude as?

A

Attitude: a person’s evaluation of an object or thought

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14
Q

What is a Label for object?

A

Makes sense of the world Help to deal with environment

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15
Q

What is Evaluative summary?

A

Heuristic – a simple strategy for appraisal

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16
Q

What is a Supportive knowledge structure?

A

Schematic – organises and guides memory for events and actions

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17
Q

What is the Socialisation process (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975)?

A

Attitudes are learned rather than innate

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18
Q

What is the Mere-exposure effect (Zajonc, 1968)?

A

repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object

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19
Q

What is Classical conditioning (Staats, 1957; Zanna et al 1970)?

A

repeated association to a formerly neutral stimulus can elicit a reaction that was previously elicited by another stimulus (e.g. Little Albert)

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20
Q

What is Instrumental conditioning (Kimble, 1961)?

A

responses which yield positive outcomes or eliminate negative outcomes are strengthened (e.g. alcoholism, parenting)

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21
Q

What is Observational learning (Bandura, 1973)?

A

attitude formation is a social learning process. In modelling, one person’s behaviour is modelled by another (e.g. child imitating parent)

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22
Q

What is Thurstone’s way of measuring attitudes?

A

Thurstone’s model of equal-appearing intervals (point along an evaluative continuum, positive to negative)

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23
Q

What is Guttman’s way of measuring attitudes?

A

Guttman’s scalagram (uni-dimensional)

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24
Q

What is Osgood’s way of measuring attitudes?

A

Osgood’s semnatic differential (meaning to a given word)

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25
Q

How does Thurstone’s model of equal-appearing intervals work?

A

More than 100 statements of opinion ranging from extremely favourable to extremely hostile collected, The participants asked to classify the statements into eleven categories – two from each category are selected for a final 22 item scale (yes/no)

26
Q

How does Guttman’s scalagram work?

A
  • Contains either favourable or unfavourable statements arranged in a hierarchy
  • Items are ordered from low to high according to difficulty so that to approve or correctly answer the last item implies approval of all prior ones
27
Q

What is a Likert Scale?

A

Usually involves beliefs and measures affects

28
Q

Strengths of a likert scale?

A
  • Convenience
  • Gives a standardised measure
  • Comparable scores
29
Q

Weaknesses of a likert scale?

A
  • Can force people to agree or disagree with ideas that may not correspond with how they see things
  • Can provide information on the ordering of people’s attitudes on a continuum, but is unable to indicate how close or far apart the different attitude might be
30
Q

What are the qualities of an open ended scale?

A

can be quantified, Assesses cognitive, emotional and behavioural aspects of attitudes

31
Q

What did Haddock & Zanna (1998) scale suggest?

A

For example, list what do you think you get out of a Psychology degree
- For each, asked to rate on a 5-point scale ranging from very negative (-2) to very positive (+2)

32
Q

What are examples of physiological measures?

A

Skin resistance, heart rate, and pupil dilation (Rankin & Campbell, 1955; Westie & DeFleur, 1959; Hess, 1965)

33
Q

What is the procedure for physiological measures?

A

Compare a physiological reading taken in the presence of a neutral object, with one taken in the presence of the attitude object

34
Q

What is a weakness of physiological measures?

A

Can’t see whether it is a positive or negative reaction, only intensity

35
Q

What have facial muscle movements been linked to?

A

Facial muscle movements have been linked to underlying attitudes (Cacioppo and Tassinary, 1990)

36
Q

What do ERPs indicate?

A

ERPs that indicate electrical activity when we respond to different stimuli can be used (Cacioppo, 2003)

37
Q

Are thoughts and feelings behaviour predictors?

A

The thought and feeling components of attitudes do not necessarily predict our behaviour

38
Q

According to Festinger (1957, when do we experience tension?

A

If a cognition (i.e. Attitude) is in direct conflict with another one (or an action), and the two are related in some way, we experience tension

39
Q

How do we deal with tension?

A

We deal with this tension by either changing one of the cognitions, or adding an extra one to “explain” the apparent discrepancy.

40
Q

What is dissonance?

A

Dissonance is uncomfortable (tension)

41
Q

What can cause dissonance?

A

forced compliance

42
Q

What did Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)’s study show?

A

Lower paid participants in a boring task rated the task more favourably: dissonance was reduced by persuading themselves that the task was worthwhile.

43
Q

What is Hogg & Vaughn (2002) Effort Justification Paradigm

A

Goal first rated as negative, cognitive dissonance, goal then rated at positive, the idea that you suffered for something therefore you liked it

44
Q

What does Bem 1972 say about self-perception?

A

We make inferences about our own attitudes, based on behaviour, in the same way that we make inferences about the attitudes of others

45
Q

What are the three stages of inducing compliance?

A
  • Stage 1: P asks O for small favour
  • Stage 2: O agrees
  • Stage 3: P asks O for large favour
46
Q

What are the three components of the Yale Attitude Change Approach (Hoyland et al 1953)

A

Source, message, audience

47
Q

What is a source? (YACA)

A

originator of communication

48
Q

What is a message? (YACA)

A

features of communication itself

49
Q

What is an audience? (YACA)

A

characteristics of who is receiving the message

50
Q

What type of characteristics does a source have to have?

A

Creditability (expertise) and appearance (attractive)

51
Q

What components are there to message factors?

A

one sided vs two sided, repetition (seems more true), fear arousal (medium is best)

52
Q

What characteristics does an audience need to have?

A

self-esteem, age, intelligence

53
Q

What experiment did Lewin (1943) conduct?

A

American housewives to feed families unusual but highly nutritious foods, Lewin thought attitude change best achieved if recipients were somehow actively engaged in the changed process rather than just being passive recipients

54
Q

What did Lewin (1943) find?

A

32% of women in discussion group went on to serve the new food, compared with only 3% in the lecture group

55
Q

How are intentions formed?

A

When people deliberately attempt to make their behaviour consistent with their attitudes, they form intensions

56
Q

What is Volition?

A

perceived behavioural control = the extent to which the person believes it is easy or difficult to perform an act (Ajzen, 1989)

57
Q

What does TRA emphasise?

A

the rationality of human behaviour. Behaviour is under conscious control (e.g. I can exercise more if I want to, we have more control over some behaviours than others

58
Q

What can perceived control improve?

A

Perceived control improves the prediction of accuracy for both intentions and actions (Beck & Ajzen, 1991)

59
Q

What are Subjective norms?

A

other people’s beliefs about the behaviour, motivation to comply

60
Q

What are Attitudes towards the behaviour?

A

beliefs about the behaviour, how the beliefs are evaluated

Self and Society (9 decks)

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