8- Cancer Biology Flashcards
(28 cards)
Why do cancerous cells stain yellow with FDG (flourdeoxyglucose)?
Cancerous cells exhibit increased glucose uptake. Usually get energy from glycolysis because they are in anaerobic conditions
Tumors will be yellow in the scan
What is the carcinogen Vinyl Chloride associated?
liver angiosarcoma
What is the carcinogen Benzene associated with?
leukemia
What is the carcinogen Arsenic associated with?
Skin and bladder cancer
What is the carcinogen Asbestos associated with?
mesotheliema
What is the carcinogen radium associated with?
osteosarcoma
What does cytochrome P 450s role in cancer?
Can activate some carcinogens (indirect acting agents)
What is the doubling time for breast cancer?
100 days
the Philadelphia chromosome is related to chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , what is this mutation?
Philadelphia chromosome (the small abnormally paired chromosome) is translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22.
Forms oncogene, BCRADL –> associated with proliferation.
What is the ‘proof’ that all cancer arrives from one cell?
The inactive X is the same inactive X in all of the tumor.
Cancer progresses through different stages. Example of uteran cancer. What defines low grade intraepithelial neoplasia, high grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma?
low grade: dividing cells invade lower 1/3 of epithelium.
High grade: cells in all of epithelium are proliferating
Invasive (malignant): cells move through or destroy basal lamina.
Clonal evolution *****
cells around each other have the initial mutation. One might get new mutation (cell prolif or decrease cell death) and will try to out compete surrounding cells for malignancy.
Harbor different mix of mutations and competing to be dominant clone in the tumor.
What can cancer stem cells do that is bad?
Give rise to all types of cells within the microenvironment of the tumor.
Two ways that tumors can break off and spread to others.
- cross into blood stream
2. cross into lymphatic system.
Why is it important to know that a tumor is a microenvironment?
It might be beneficial to target all the types of cells in the tumor. Example fight off angiogenesis.
How are cancers and viruses related to cancer?
Simple broad explanation
They damage the cell and can induce mutations.
What cancer is related to the Hrpsevirus family and Epstein- Barr virus
Burkitt’s lymphoma ( B lymphocyte cancer)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
What cancer is HIV related to?
HTLV1?
HIV= Kaposi’s sarcoma
HTLV1= Adult T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma
– (Human Tcell Leukemia Virus-1)
How can viruses produce cancer?
What two proteins work in HPV?
- SRC integrate oncogene into DNA
- E6 and E7- Cell proliferation AND lose of suppressant function
- - E6 inhibits p53
- - E7 bind Rb and prevents binding to EIIF - Also HPV- plasmid chromosome entered into cell, accidentally incorporated into the human chromosome. Upregulation of certain viral proteins interferes with the control of cell division in basal cells
Proto oncogene
Normal gene that could become an oncogene by over expression
Overactivity (proliferation, oncogene) and tummor suppressants are needed to, what types of mutations are they?
oncogene (gain of function) = dominant
tummor suppresant (loss of function) = recessive
Mechanism of retinoblastoma?
p16 (Cdk inhibitor) > cyclin DCdk complex > Rb > E2F > transcription of target genes to control s phase entry
Non hereditary vs hereditary retinoblastoma
Non-hereditary= mutates both alleles (recessive) then goes on to tumors
Hereditary= acquire copy of bad allele, second allele mutation acquired. Leads to multiple tumors in both eyes
how to convert proto oncogene into an oncogene?
Point mutation or deletion- leads to overactive gene
Mutation in regulatory gene= overactive gene
Gene amplification= too much normal protein
Chromosomal rearrangement
