8. Emotional Regulation

Question 1

What is emotional regulation?

Answer 1

• initiating one’s state orbehavior
• inhibiting one’s state orbehavior
• modulating one’s state orbehavior

Question 2

Which of the following does emotional regulation apply to: 
Subjective experience
Cognitive responses 
Emotion-related physiological responses 
Emotion related-behaviour

Answer 2

All of the above

Question 3

What can emotional regulation training programmes achieve?

Answer 3

Emotional regulation and impulse control

Question 4

What is down regulation?

Answer 4

The ability to decrease our emotional responses

Question 5

Emotional regulation involves changes in emotional responding, the ****, **** and *** of emotion

Answer 5

What, when, and how

Question 6

Gross (1998), what is the process model of emotional regulation?

Answer 6

Gross describes five families related to the dynamics of the emotional process in which regulation may occur: situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change and response modulation

Question 7

Situation selection
Situation modification
Attention deployment
Cognitive change 
Response modulation
- what are these?

Answer 7

Components in the process model of emotional regulation

Question 8

In the process model of emotional regulation, what is meant by situation selection?

Answer 8

Refers to approaching or avoiding certain people, places, or objects in order to regulate emotions

Question 9

What is required in order to perform situation selection?

Answer 9

Self-knowledge

Question 10

A shy person’s efforts to decrease anxiety by avoiding social situations may
provide short-term relief at the cost of longer term what?

Answer 10

Social isolation

Question 11

In the process model of emotional regulation, what is meant by situation modification?

Answer 11

Represents active efforts to directly modify the situation and to alter its emotional impact

Question 12

Emotion expressions are a potent means of changing ongoing social interaction. If one’s partner suddenly looks sad, this can shift the trajectory of an angry interaction as one pauses to express concern - in the process model of emotional regulation, what is this and example of?

Answer 12

Situation modification

Question 13

In the process model of emotional regulation, what is meant by attentional deployment?

Answer 13

Strategies for changing attentional focus including distraction, concentration, rumination

Question 14

In the process model of emotional regulation, what is meant by cognitive change?

Answer 14

Cognitive change refers to selecting which of the many possible meanings will be attached to a situation

Question 15

In the process model of emotional regulation, which component involves denial or reappraisal response?

Answer 15

Cognitive change

Question 16

In the process model of emotional regulation, what is meant by response modulation?

Answer 16

Refers to directly influencing physiological, experiential, or behavioral responding

Question 17

When does response modulation occur in the process model of emotional regulation?

Answer 17

It occurs late in the emotion generative process, after response tendencies have been initiated

Question 18

Response modulation can include taking up behaviours such as exercise, medication, or medication, but it does not guarantee that the experience of the emotion will be significantly changed. Attempts at response modulation can also lead to negative behaviours, such as…?

Answer 18

Substance abuse, comfort eating etc.

Question 19

Emotion regulation strategies target three main emotion-generating systems, what are they?

Answer 19

Attention, knowledge, body

Question 20

What are the three main emotion regulation stategies?

Answer 20

Need oriented, goal oriented, person oriented

Question 21

Need-oriented/attention: what is Repressive coping?

Answer 21

The avoidance of negative stimuli - for example averting gaze from unpleasant stimuli, or spending less time reading negative feedback

Question 22

What does need-oriented regulation deal with?

Answer 22

It is driven by people’s needs to experience rewarding states, often deals with the avoidance of situations in the now with no considerations of long-term goals

Question 23

How do repressors serve as relief from emotional distress?

Answer 23

The provide relief in the short-term but in the long-term they posses less insight into their own emotional states

Question 24

Who was the first to identify knowledge related emotion regulation strategies? Clue: he introduced the notion of psychological defense mechanisms such as repression

Answer 24

Freud

Question 25

In social psychology, Festinger’s (1957) pioneering work on what concept has inspired a large body of research on interpretive and defensive biases?

Answer 25

Cognitive dissonance reduction

Question 26

What is defensive bias?

Answer 26

We use it as an emotion regulator, it includes selective criticism of threatening information, selectively forgetting, self serving attributions etc.

Question 27

What is an example of need-oriented emotion regulation (body)?

Answer 27

Eating

Question 28

Stress induced eating is a common emotion regulation strategy, partly explained by what?

Answer 28

Attention - binge eating may down regulate emotional distress by focusing people’s attention on their immediate physical sensations

Question 29

What do goal oriented emotional regulation strategies involve?

Answer 29

Up regulation and down regulation of emotional states in order to achieve specific goals and tasks (e.g. staying calm and collected during social interaction).

Question 30

Goal-oriented emotion regulation (attention): emotional states spontaneously activated emotion-congruent cognitions in working memory, how might this processing steam be interrupted?

Answer 30

By loading working memory with an alternative task

Question 31

Goal-oriented emotion regulation (knowledge): what is cognitive reappraisal?

Answer 31

An emotion regulation strategy that draws on cognitive control and executive functioning to reframe stimuli or situations within the environment to change their meaning and emotional valence

Question 32

Which regions are inhibited during reappraisal processes?

Answer 32

The amygdala and insula

Question 33

Which regions are activated during reappraisal processes?

Answer 33

Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex

Question 34

Goal-oriented emotion regulation (body): what is expressive suppression?

Answer 34

In this strategy, people actively inhibit their emotional expressions. E.g. a person might try to keep a straight faces

Question 35

What do person-oriented emotion regulation strategies involve?

Answer 35

They promote flexibility in personality functioning and promote coherence and long-term stability of the personality system

Question 36

What are the features of person-oriented emotion regulation?

Answer 36

They have a holistic focus, are sensitive to context, and integrated

Question 37

Person-oriented emotion regulation (attention): what is meant by attentional counter-regulation?

Answer 37

This is a strategy that helps to restore a balance receptiveness to positive and negative information despite active emotional and motivational states e.g. meditation

Question 38

How might one use person-oriented knowledge strategies to regulate emotion?

Answer 38

By using cognitive integration processes, in which emotionally charged information becomes incorporated into larger networks of the person experiences. E.g. Expressive writing

Question 39

What category of emotional regulatory strategies would voluntary deep breathing fall under?

Answer 39

Person-oriented emotion regulation (body)

Question 40

What were the findings of Millgram et al (2015)? 'Sad as a matter of choice?' Clue: The tested the hypothesis that predicts deficits in emotion regulation may also be related to emotion regulation goals

Answer 40

In three studies, clinically depressed participants were more likely than non-depressed participants to use emotion regulation strategies in a direction that was likely to maintain or increase their level of sadness

Question 41

The findings demonstrate that maladaptive emotion regulation may be linked not only to the means people use to regulate their emotions, but also to the ends toward which those means are directed - what paper is this from?

Answer 41

Millgram et al. (2015). Sad as a matter of choice? Emotion-regulation goals in depression

Question 42

In Millgram et al (2015), which group of participants wanted to see the sad images again?

Answer 42

The depressed individuals

Question 43

Sheppes et al (2011) emotion-regulation choice: They wanted to find out which emotional regulation strategies people use in different contexts - what were their findings?

Answer 43

Healthy individuals manage their emotions by flexibly switching between different emotion regulation strategies 1. When the intensity of negative information is low they prefer engagement reappraisal which allows emotional processing 2. When the intensity of negative information is high they prefer disengagement distraction which blocks emotional processing at an early stage

Question 44

What is Mnenomic emotion regulation an umbrella term for?

Answer 44

Instances in which people attempt to alter the nature of their memories in order to influence the experience or expression of emotions

Question 45

Why is forgetting not necessarily a bad thing?

Answer 45

It may help emotion regulation in healthy individuals by making negative memories of some past mistakes and distressing events less accessible, limiting destructive influences of the past, and making room for a focus on positive memories