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General Biology I > 8- Mitosis and the Cell Cycle > Flashcards

8- Mitosis and the Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is gene expression?

A

the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis to determine our traits

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2
Q

Why do living organisms need cell division? (3)

A
  • Reproduction: creating a new organism (offspring)
  • Growth and Development: Get bigger and mature into an adult
  • Replace: old and damaged cells to maintain healthy tissues
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3
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Cell division resulting in 2 organisms

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4
Q

What form of reproduction is binary fission?

A

asexual

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5
Q

How do single celled eukaryotes go through binary fission?

A

mitosis

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6
Q

How does binary fission by prokaryotes function?

A
  • The single loop of DNA is replicated from a starting point (origin) in both directions moving towards opposite ends of the cell
  • Cell elongates during DNA replication
  • Plasma membrane pinches in the middle to separate the 2 daughter cells
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7
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

responsible for growth, development and replacement of old and damaged cells in multicellular

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8
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

responsible for creating gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction

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9
Q

How are chromosomes and chromatin packaged?

A
  • Chromosomes: DNA during cell division –> chromatin tightly coiled around proteins
  • Chromatin: DNA when cell is not dividing –> long thin threads
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10
Q

What are the 2 basic cell types based on the number of chromosomes they contain in the human body?

A

1) Somatic cells (body cells)
2) Gametes (sex cells; eggs and sperm)

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11
Q

What are somatic cells? How many chromosomes do they have?

A
  • All of the cells that make up the tissues of our bodies
  • Have 46 chromosomes (2 two set of 23 unique chromosomes, one set from each parent)
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12
Q

What are gametes cells? How many chromosomes do they have?

A
  • Specialized reproductive cells, eggs and sperm
  • Have only 23 chromosomes
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13
Q

What is a karyotype? How are the chromosomes arranged?

A

an organized profile of an organism’s chromosomes where they are arranged in pairs from largest to smallest in size

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14
Q

What is a karyotype? How are the chromosomes arranged?

A

an organized profile of an organism’s chromosomes where they are arranged in pairs from largest to smallest in size

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15
Q

What are autosomal chromosomes? How many pair do humans have?

A

all chromosomes that are not related to sex determination are autosomal chromosomes
- humans have 22 pairs

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16
Q

What are sex chromosomes and have do they differentiate between male and female in humans?

A
  • chromosomes involved in sex determination
  • In humans, males have 2 different sex chromosomes (XY) and females have 2 same sex chromosome (XX)
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17
Q

What is karyotyping used for?

A

diagnose genetic disorders

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18
Q

What is a zygote?

A

the new cell formed after one sperm cell enters the egg cell and their nuclei fuse together forming one nucleus containing both sets of chromosomes

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19
Q

How does a zygote grow?

A

grows by increasing its number of cells through repeated cell divisions

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20
Q

How is the original genetic information of zygotes copied?

A

it is copied exactly before each cell division, ensuring that all new cells have a complete copy of all the chromosomes

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21
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division creating 2 daughter cells with identical copies of the original components

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22
Q

Why do certain somatic cells undergo mitosis?

A

to regenerate damaged or old tissues others when we are growing and developing

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23
Q

What type of cell division will most cells in our body undergo?

A

most cells will never undergo a mitotic cell division

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24
Q

What type of certain specialized cells undergo mitosis repeatedly?

A

stem cells

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25
Q

What is G0?

A

when a cell is not going to progress into cell division

26
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

Time between when a cell is created and the time it divides creating 2 new daughter cells

27
Q

What are the 2 phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. interphase
  2. mitotic phase
28
Q

What is the difference between interphase and mitotic phase regarding the length and function?

A
  1. Interphase
    - Long phase
    - Cell growth
    - DNA replication
  2. Mitotic phase
    - Short phase
    - Division of replicated chromosomes equally into 2 daughter cells
29
Q

What are the 3 distinct stages interphase?

A
  1. growth 1
  2. synthesis (S)
  3. growth 2
30
Q

When does growth 1 begin?

A

as soon as daughter cells are formed

31
Q

What type of period is growth 1?

A

of active growth

32
Q

What happens during growth 1?

A

cell increases in size - extensive synthesis of new organelles that eventually reach mature size

33
Q

What happens to cells that will not divide during growth 1?

A

complete this stage of the cell cycle and then stop in G0

34
Q

What type of cells progress to the synthesis stage?

A

cells destined to divide

35
Q

What happens drying the synthesis stage?

A

exact copy of each chromosome is made

36
Q

What happens to each new copy of a chromosome during the synthesis stage? What is it now called?

A

remains attached to the original and is now called a replicated chromosome

37
Q

When DNA is replicated in the synthesis stage, what form is it in and when does its form change?

A

it is in chromatin form and does not condense into chromosomes until mitosis begins

38
Q

What is a replicated chromosome?

A

identical copies of a chromosome that remain attached at the centromere

39
Q

What is each new copy of a chromosome referred to after it is replicated in the synthesis stage?

A

chromatid

40
Q

When does a chromosome start being referred to as a chromatid during the cell cycle?

A

after it is replicated in the synthesis stage

41
Q

What is the difference between sister chromatids and non-sister chromatids?

A
  • Sister chromatids: identical chromatids attached by a centromere
  • Non-sister chromatids: Chromatids are not attached by a centromere (on different replicated chromosomes)
42
Q

What happens during growth 2?

A

cell continues to grow and prepares for the mitotic phase by replicating the centrosome

43
Q

What begins to form during growth 2?

A

spindle fibers

44
Q

What does the cell have at the end of the growth 2 stage?

A
  • Replicated chromosomes
  • Two centrosomes
  • Spindle fibers forming
45
Q

What is the purpose of the mitotic phase of mitosis?

A

Sees the sorting and equal distribution of the replicated chromosomes into 2 new daughters

46
Q

What are the 2 steps of the mitotic phase?

A
  1. mitosis
  2. cytokenesis
47
Q

What are the 4 distinct stages of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telephone
48
Q

What happens during prophase of mitosis concerning the chromatin, centrosomes, nuclear envelope and spindle fibres?

A
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • Centrosomes migrate to opposite ends (poles) of the cell
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Spindle fibers extend out from the centrosomes into the middle of the cell where the chromosomes are and attach to their centromeres
49
Q

What happens during metaphase of mitosis?

A
  • Replicated chromosomes align on the cell’s midline (metaphase plate) with one sister chromatid on either side
50
Q

How are replicated chromosomes attached during metaphase of mitosis?

A
  • Each replicated chromosome is attached at their centromere (kinetochore proteins) by spindle fibers which extend from both centrosomes
51
Q

What happens to the sister chromatids during anaphase of mitosis?

A

spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at their centromeres and they are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

52
Q

What happens to the cell during anaphase of mitosis?

A

cell elongates

53
Q

What does each pole have at the end of anaphase of mitosis?

A

each pole has 1 copy of every chromosome that existed in the parent cell

54
Q

What happens during telophase of mitosis concerning the chromosomes, nuclear membrane and spindle fibres?

A
  • Chromosomes amass at each pole and begin to loosen
  • Nuclear membranes form around each group of chromosomes
  • Spindle fibers break down
55
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the original cell into two daughter cells

56
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Parent cell pinches around its midline until 2 new cells are made

57
Q

When does cytokinesis occur?

A

same time as telophase

58
Q

How does cytokinesis happen in plant cells?

A

daughter cells are separated by the growth of a cell plate in between them that becomes the new cell wall

59
Q

What type of cells are produced after the mitotic phase and the cell cycle?

A

2 daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell

60
Q

What happens to the new daughter cell created after the mitotic phase of the cell cycle

A

new daughter cells now enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle

General Biology I (8 decks)

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