8: Sleep

Question 1

What is sleep?

Answer 1

A periodic, natural reversable behavioural state of disengagement to the environment

Question 2

What kind of sleep do dophins have?

Answer 2

Unihemispheric sleep so the hemispheres take turns - allows them to still swim to the surface for oxygen

Question 3

How does our awareness when asleep change with age?

Answer 3

Children are less easily woken

Question 4

What is alpha activity?

Answer 4

Associated with rest and sleep

Question 5

What is beta activity?

Answer 5

Associated with alertness

Question 6

What waves are seen in stage 1 of sleep?

Answer 6

Theta waves

Question 7

What waves are seen in stage 2 of sleep?

Answer 7

Sleep spindles and K-complexes

Question 8

What are sleep spindles?

Answer 8

Bursts of activity seen in stages 2 and 3 of sleep

Question 9

What are k-complexes?

Answer 9

Negative potentials seen in stage 2 of sleep

Question 10

What waves are seen in stage 3 of sleep?

Answer 10

Delta waves

Question 11

What happenes to the number of spindles as we move from stage 2 into stage 3?

Answer 11

They decrease

Question 12

What waves are seen in stage 4 of sleep?

Answer 12

Delta

Question 13

What sleep stages are characterized as ‘slow wave’?

Answer 13

3 and 4

Question 14

What is REM sleep?

Answer 14

Brain activity varies, we have sleep paralysis and dreaming

Question 15

Why do we need sleep?

Answer 15

Restoration

Adaptation

Question 16

Why is sleep important for restoration?

Answer 16

It allows us to restore homeostasis and clear toxic waste products much faster

It’s a short period of rest for all neurons

Question 17

Why is sleep important for adaptation?

Answer 17

We can’t see well at night so it keeps us out of trouble by keeping us immobile

Question 18

Accross species, what is related to sleep duration?

Answer 18

Metabolic rate

Question 19

How do genetics affect how long we sleep for?

Answer 19

We have a chronotype caused by the length of the per3 gene

Question 20

What gene is associated with duration of sleep?

Answer 20

per3

Question 21

Who stayed awake for 264 hours?

Answer 21

Randy Gardner

Question 22

How long did Randy Gardner stay awake for?

Answer 22

264 hours

Question 23

What happened when Randy Gardner had been awake for 2 days?

Answer 23

Irritable, nauseated, memory issues

Question 24

What happened when Randy Gardner had been awake for 4 days?

Answer 24

Fatigued and had delusions

Question 25

What happened when Randy Gardner had been awake for 7 days?

Answer 25

Language issues and tremors

Question 26

How long did Randy Gardner take to recover after the experiment?

Answer 26

2 nights, slept for 14 hours on the first, 10 on the second and then was back to normal

Question 27

What areas are affected by sleep deprivation?

Answer 27

Motor function, cognitive performance, working memory, mood, executive atention

Question 28

What are the main ways sleep are measured?

Answer 28

Patient reported outcomes (Sleep diaries) Actigraphy (Motor activity) PSG (Multiple signals)

Question 29

What does PSG stand for?

Answer 29

PolySomnoGrphy

Question 30

What does PSG record?

Answer 30

EEG (Brain), EMG (Muscles), EOG (Eye signals)

Question 31

How long does a typical sleep cycle last?

Answer 31

90 mins

Question 32

What is slow wave sleep?

Answer 32

Stages 3 and 4

Question 33

How does cortisol affect sleep?

Answer 33

The more we have, the less we sleep

Question 34

How is the forebrain important to sleep?

Answer 34

In SWS, as neurons are active, other areas of the brain are inhibited

Question 35

What is the importance of the reticular formation in sleep?

Answer 35

It wakes us up by sending signals to the basal ganglia

Question 36

What hormones promote arousal?

Answer 36

``` Noradrenaline (Locus coeruleus) Serotonin (Raphe nuclei) Acetylcholine (Brain stem and basal forebrain) Hypocretin (Hypothalamus) Histamine (Midbrain) ```

Question 37

What hormones promote sleep?

Answer 37

GABA Adenosine Dopamine

Question 38

What is the dual process of sleep?

Answer 38

Sleep-wake homeostasis | Cirdadian rhythm

Question 39

What are Zeitgebers?

Answer 39

External cues that help us keep track of day and night

Question 40

What part of the brain is responsible for our biological clock?

Answer 40

Hypothalamus

Question 41

What is insomnia?

Answer 41

Problems sleeping or staying asleep

Question 42

What causes insomnia?

Answer 42

``` Overactive thyroid Mental and physical health Medication Stress Environment ```

Question 43

What is parasomnia?

Answer 43

A catergory of sleep disorders involving abnormal movements and behaviours

Question 44

What are some types of parasomnia?

Answer 44

Sleep walking Night terrors Sexomnia

Question 45

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder?

Answer 45

Lack of paralysis during sleep so muscles are free to move and act out dreams

Question 46

What is the psychological function theory of why we dream?

Answer 46

To preserve neural pathways by providing the brain with stimulation

Question 47

What is the synthesis theory of why we dream?

Answer 47

Dreams are the brain trying to make sense of neural activity

Question 48

What type of sleep is better for consolidating declarative memory?

Answer 48

SWS

Question 49

What type of sleep is better for consolidating procedural memory?

Answer 49

REM