8) Stress Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
What is free recall?
A
- Question produces an answer
- Ex: what words do you remember from this list?
2
Q
What is serial recall?
A
- Remembering things in a particular order
- Ex: 12 days of Christmas
3
Q
What is paired association recall?
A
- Learn pairs of words
- Ex: shoe-pencil - given one word, recall the paired item
4
Q
What is recognition?
A
Basis of multiple choice
5
Q
What is the role of culture in memory?
A
We remember things better from our own culture
6
Q
What is the role of hypnosis in memory?
A
- Provides some support
- If you reduce stress, it reduces memory block
7
Q
What is the role of food in memory?
A
- Promotes healthy brain neurons (maintains neurotransmitters)
- Good: folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12
8
Q
What is stress?
A
- Imbalance between perceived demons and the ability to meet those demons
- Perception: you have to know you’re stressed
9
Q
Differentiate anxiety and stress.
A
- Stress has a defined source (stressor)
- Anxiety is more general
10
Q
What is primary appraisal?
A
- Perceive and evaluate the situation
- Either it is harmless, or threatening
11
Q
What is secondary appraisal?
A
- Can I cope? Not sure –> stress
12
Q
What kind of stress is necessary for living?
A
Eustress
13
Q
Who developed the three stage model for general adaptation syndrome?
A
Hans Selye (UdeM)
14
Q
What is the first stage of general adaptation syndrome?
A
- Alarm stage
- Sudden
- Prepare to meet the stressor: increases HR and BP
- Body has an IMMEDIATE response called fight or flight
15
Q
What is the second stage of general adaptation syndrome?
A
- Resistance stage
- Body tries to adapt and return to normal (restore energy)
- Arousal is still high, but lower than in the alarm stage
- There is a prolonged physical arousal: adrenals react, which release powerful control hormones
16
Q
What is the third stage of general adaptation syndrome?
A
- Exhaustion stage
- Over-reaction by the parasympathetic nervous system
17
Q
In which stage of general adaptation syndrome does fight or flight occur?
A
Alarm stage
18
Q
Which stage of general adaptation syndrome is fairly long?
A
Resistance stage
19
Q
In the _______ stage, there is an over-reaction by the __________ nervous system
A
exhaustion
parasympathetic
20
Q
Differentiate the stress-related behaviour of men and women.
A
- Women: nurturing, care-giving, attachment-oriented
- Men: aggressive, alone, testosterone-driven
21
Q
What are life-change units?
A
- Change (good or bad) is stressful
- Units are given according to the severity of change over a specified period
22
Q
Differentiate frustration and conflict.
A
- Frustration: goals blocked causes negative emotions
- Conflict: two or more conflicting goals
23
Q
What is the old view of frustration?
A
Frustration leads to aggression
24
Q
What is the new view of frustration?
A
Frustration leads to stress, which leads to EITHER aggressive or non-aggressive behaviours (quitting)
25
What is approach-approach?
- You can't make up your mind, can be very stressful
| - A conflict arising from having to choose between equally desirable alternatives.
26
What is avoidance-avoidance?
A conflict arising from having to choose between undesirable alternatives.
27
What is approach-avoidance?
- A conflict arising when the same choice has both desirable and undesirable features.
- Simultaneously drawn to and repelled by a choice
28
"Wanting to take a wonderful vacation but having to empty a savings account to do so" is an example of what?
Approach-avoidance behaviour
29
What is PTSD?
- Exposure to trauma: flood, accident, cancer, war
| - Can show up immediately or after a delay
30
What are the symptoms of PTSD?
- Intrusive thoughts
- Flashbacks
- Sleep issues
- Emotional flatness
31
What is emotional flatness? What is it most often characterized by?
- Problems with relationships and sex
| - Most often characterized by a delay
32
Why do only some people exhibit PTSD and others don't?
Role of childhood and sensitivity to stress
33
What are the effects of Type A behaviour?
Health issues (heart damage- high cortisol)
34
Why do Type A individuals end up with heart damage?
High cortisol
35
What are Type C individuals?
Like Type A, but live healthy, normal lives
36
What are the four factors that influence our perception of stress?
- Familiarity
- Imminence
- Perceived control
- Predictability
37
What is perceived control?
Knowing that there is something you can do about it (ex: studying for an exam)
38
What is acculturative stress faced by? Why?
- Immigrants
| - Demands of new culture, while preserving old culture
39
What is the first physiological response to stress?
- Cognition of stressor
| - Frontal cortex recognizes the threat
40
What happens once the frontal cortex recognizes a threat?
Hypothalamus releases CRH
41
What are the two main pathways activated due to CRH?
1) Sympathetic nervous system (fast)
| 2) Endocrine system (slow)
42
What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
- Stimulation of adrenal medulla
| - Adrenaline released (increased H.R., blood flow, alertness)
43
What happens when the endocrine system is activated due to stress?
- Pituitary gland secretes ACTH into the blood
- Activates the adrenal cortex
- Releases stored energy (liver glucose)
- Releases cortisol
44
How are the levels of cortisol during fight-or-flight? How are they in chronic stress?
- Fight-or-flight: normal
| - Chronic stress: high
45
What is prolonged levels of cortisol related to?
- LDL
| - Abdominal fat, stroke
46
Why does stress make us more susceptible to sickness?
Affects our white blood count
47
How does stress affect cognitive functioning?
- Can't think straight
| - Poor decision making
48
What behaviours can stress affect?
- Cognitive functioning
- Aggression
- Withdrawal
- Shock and disorientation
- Indulging
- Environmental stressors
- Electronic stressors
49
What is burnout?
- NOT depression
- Often work-related
- NO energy (exhaustion)
- Apathy
- Feeling externalized (feeling like there is no control)
50
Where is burnout mostly present?
In large corporations
51
What is the interaction effect?
Job and home life aren't going well
52
What does compassion fatigue affect?
- First responders
- Nurses
- Social workers
- Air-traffic controllers
53
What is burnout most noticed by?
Performance
54
How can you cope with stress physiologically?
Eat well and sleep well
55
What is problem-centered coping?
- Focus on what's wrong
| - Don't beat around the bush
56
What is emotional-focused coping?
Gain control of your emotions
57
What is cognitive reappraisal?
If stress is a perception, change your perception
58
Who is behind the ABC model for coping?
Albert Ellis
59
What is the ABC model?
- Activating event
- Beliefs
- Consequences
60
Does an activating event cause a consequence?
NO, a belief causes a consequence
61
What is repression?
- Putting the memory where you can't find it (forget it exists)
- Unwanted ideas (motivated by the unconscious) to prevent disturbing thoughts
62
What motivates repression?
Motivated by the unconscious to prevent disturbing thoughts from reaching conscious level
63
What unlocks repressed thoughts?
Psychoanalysis
64
What is suppression?
Avoided consciously
65
What is regression?
- Returning to the ego at an earlier development
| - Ex: face lift, fetal position
66
What is displacement?
- Replaces threatening impulses with something safer
| - Ex: want to punch the referee, but breaks a stick instead (safe target)
67
What is the reaction formation?
- Behaves opposite to ones real desires
| - Ex: John is homosexual --> acts homophobic
68
What is denial?
- Refuse to consciously acknowledge a threat
| - Ex: athlete isn't as good as he used to be, refuses to believe
69
What is rationalization?
- Logical reasons to explain unacceptable behaviour
| - Ex: "She wasn't that pretty anyways"
70
What is sublimation?
- Unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits
| - Ex: drug dealer becomes a motivational speaker against drugs
71
What is projection?
- Attributes own unacceptable impulses to another
| - Ex: "everybody is lazy"
72
What is compensation?
- Problem in one area, overgratify in another
| - Ex: small man, big car
73
What is identification?
If not successful, identify with a successful person or group
74
Who is behind rational emotive therapy?
Albert Ellis
75
What was Sigmund Freud's view on defense mechanisms?
Stress threatens us, so we protect ourselves from the psychological "pain"
76
Most of our defense mechanisms are ____________
unconscious
77
What is hardiness?
- Traits that may buffer stress
| - People can undergo high levels of stress, but remain healthy
78
What are the three Cs? Who's behind it?
- Kobasa explained how to become hardy
1) Commitment: work and personal life
2) Challenge (not threat)
3) Control (internal)
79
What are hassles?
- Small stuff that adds up (additive model)
- Irritating demands (miss bus, card expires)
- Can be detrimental to health
- May cause more stress than major life changes
