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2: Cognitive Neuroscience > 8: The Speaking Brain 2 > Flashcards

8: The Speaking Brain 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

define: syntax

A

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

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2
Q

what element of speech is used to formulate communicative intentions?

A

semantics

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3
Q

what component of speech is used to construct sentences?

A

syntax

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4
Q

what component of speech is used to select lexical semantics?

A

word retrieval

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5
Q

what component of speech is used to retrieve phonological code?

A

working memory

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6
Q

what is phonological code?

A

how we know how to make the sounds that we need for speech

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7
Q

a lesion in which area of the brain leads to problems with syntax?

A

broca’s area

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8
Q

broca’s aphasia is causes problems with what component of speech production?

A

syntax -loss of grammar

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9
Q

problems with articulation are as a result of which 2 conditions?

A

dysarthria & apraxia of speech

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10
Q

dysarthria & apraxia of speech are problems which with component of speech production?

A

articulation

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11
Q

logopenic aphasia is associated with problems in what component of speech production?

A

working memory

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12
Q

problems with working memory are associated with what condition in speech production?

A

logopenic aphasia

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13
Q

problems in wernike’s area lead to problems with which 2 components of speech production?

A

semantics & word retrieval

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14
Q

problems with semantics & word retrieval can be caused by damage to what area of the brain?

A

wernicke’s

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15
Q

what are the 3 stages of word retrieval

A

lexilisation
↓ = stage 1
lemma
↓ = stage 2
lexeme

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16
Q

define: lexilisation

A

Selecting a word based on the meaning one wants to convey

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17
Q

define: lemma

A

The word-level information that specifies the syntactic components of a word

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18
Q

define: lexeme

A

The phonological code that drives articulation

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19
Q

what happens during the lemma stage of speech production?

A

Retrieving and specifying the grammatical properties of the word

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20
Q

what happens during the lexeme stage of speech production?

A

Retrieving the phonological patterns needed to articulate the word

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21
Q

what is an example of a lexicalization issue

A

Freudian slip

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22
Q

what are 3 examples of issues with lexemes (phoneme-level errors)

A

tip of the tongue phenomenon
spoonerisms
malapropisms

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23
Q

define: spoonerism

A

the initial consonants are swapped between words (pells & bepsi)

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24
Q

define: malapropisms

A

saying a word with a similar phonological form to the intended word (eg for all intensive purposes vs for all intents and purposes)

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25
how do homophone grammar mistakes provide evidence for levelt's model of word retrieval?
we very rarely make mistakes where we use the homophone in the wrong grammatical setting - suggesting we retrieve the correct grammar (lemma) before we retrieve the lexeme
26
how does the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon provide evidence for levelt's model of word retrieval?
we know the lexicalization (meaning) & lemma (grammar), just can't retrieve the lexeme
27
what are mixed errors of speech production?
Speech errors where the intended word and produced word are similar semantically and phonologically? eg Saying “rat” when you meant “cat”? “Oyster” for “lobster”
28
how does the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon provide criticisms of levelt's model of speech production?
sometimes we know the first letter of a word we need, cannot explain the phonological retrieval of the word when we don't know it in full yet
29
what is teh distinctive difference between levelt's & dell's models of lexilisation
levelt = only moves in 1 direction through the stages dell = interactive between layers, all levels of processing active simultaneously with election of the “winning” word retrieved arising via a competitive process
30
what does it mean to say dell's model of speech production is competitive?
* stimuli triggers ‘activation’ of ‘nodes’ at different layers * How ‘active’ nodes become is based on the ‘weighting’ of their connections * ‘Activation’ spreads based on ‘weighting’ until a pattern of ‘nodes’ exceeds a threshold * The word represented by the ‘winning’ pattern will be ‘retrieved’
31
how does dell's model of speech production explain mixed speech errors?
* Activation simultaneously at the semantic and phonological layers - high activation = speech * The produced word is both phonologically and semantically similar (“oyster” for “lobster”
32
how does dell's model of speech production explain mixed speech errors?
* Activation at the phonological layer but a word hasn’t ‘won’ the competition yet: * T-o-T phenomenon whilst knowing it starts with a certain phoneme
33
what characterises speech for someone with logopenic aphasia?
* Speech characterised by word-finding impairment and phonological speech errors (phonemic paraphasias) * But semantic memory is normal
34
how does dell's model of speech production explain logopenic aphasia
this pattern of impairment with issues with the phonological-lexical layer, with intact semantic-lexical layer
35
what are the 3 layers in dell's model of speech production?
semantic, words, phonemes
36
what condition is logopenic aphasia associated with?
alzheimers
37
people with logopenic aphasia often have atrophy in what part of the brain?
left posterior temporal cortex
38
what are the levels of the SLAM mode of speech production?
semantic -> lexical -> auditory -> motor
39
what parts of the brain are associated with each stage of the SLAM model of speech production?
semantic = temporal lobes lexical = auditory cortex auditory = inferior parietal cortex motor = frontal cortex
40
what neuroanatomical model is the SLAM model of speech production based on?
duel stream model of speech
41
what are the 2 streams in the dual stream model of speech?
dorsal & ventral
42
what does the dorsal stream in the dual stream model of speech do?
speech production (motor)
43
how is info passed through the brain in the dorsal stream for speech production?
Auditory information is passed through the parietal lobe to the inferior frontal gyrus and motor cortex
44
what does the ventral stream in the dual stream model of speech do?
speech comprehension (semantics)
45
how is info passed through the brain in the ventral stream for speech production?
Auditory information is passed through temporal cortex to temporal pole for comprehension (semantic knowledge)
46
when would just the dorsal stream of speech production be used?
when you're repeating someone else (no need to decide what to say)
47
where is the dorsal stream of activity in the brain for speech repetition?
superior temporal gyrus -> broca's area -> motor cortex
48
how does the order of brain areas for the ventral & dorsal streams of speech production compare to each other?
we first use the ventral stream in reverse followed by the dorsal stream Temporal lobes → Auditory cortex → inferior parietal cortex → frontal cortex
49
define: parsing
assigning a syntactic structure to words
50
what moderates the activity in broca's area?
syntactic complexity - the higher the complexity the greater the activity
51
what are the 2 competing explanations for parsing's mechanisms?
structure driven vs discourse driven
52
what is the structure driven explanation for parsing?
based only on syntactic properties - syntax separate from semantics
53
what is the discourse driven explanation for parsing?
influenced by semantic properties of words * semantics integrated with syntactic processing
54
define: garden path sentences
A sentence in which the early part biases a syntactic interpretation (that turns out to be incorrect)
55
what does the N400-P600 distinction tell us about syntax and semantics?
N400 only for semantic anomalies P600 only for syntactic anomalies - shows distinction of semantic from syntax in the brain
56
how does logopenic aphasia evidence the separation of syntax and working memory
their syntax is fine they just can't repeat long sentences cause their working memory is bad
57
what are the different roles of the anterior and posterior parts of broca's area?
posterior = processing hierarchical structures and sequencing anterior = working memory and semantic control
58
define: articulation
The formation of clear and distinct sounds in speech
59
define: syllabification
The process of segmenting phonological information into syllables across adjacent morphemes and adjacent words
60
what parts of the brain are associated with phoneme level articulation?
motor area, pallidum (basal ganglia), posterior superior temporal gyrus
61
what parts of the brain are associated with syllable level articulation?
ventral premotor cortex
62
apraxia is associated with damage to what area of the brain?
insula
63
what characterises apraxia of speech?
Difficulty shaping the vocal tract
64
what characterises dysarthria?
Impairment in muscular contractions of articulators
65
dysarthria is associated with damage to which areas of the brain?
cerebellum & basal ganglia
66
what kind of models are seen as the future of cognitive neuroscience?
Neuroanatomically-constrained computational models
67
if you stimulate the left inferior parietal areas of the brain, how does this influence speech production?
led participants to believe they had moved their lips to talk
68
if you stimulate the premotor region of the brain, how does this influence speech production?
triggers mouth movements that participants were not conscious of

2: Cognitive Neuroscience (11 decks)

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