Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Problem Solving > 8 - Tired All the Time > Flashcards

8 - Tired All the Time Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

List 2 symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea.

A
  1. Snoring (usually snore-silence-snore)

2. Tiredness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How would heart failure lead to a swollen ankle?

A

Heart would be unable to pump effectively, causing a backlog of fluid in the ankles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many globin chains does hemoglobin have?

A

4 (2 alpha, 2 beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe how diseased lungs in COPD put strain on the heart.

A

Diseased lungs ->
Less oxygen in the blood ->
Heart must pump faster to compensate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling due to excessive fluid accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why would lung problems lower blood oxygen?

A

Lungs are the site where oxygen is transferred from the air to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which hormones control the overall metabolic rate of the body?

A

Thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

NSAIDs can irritate the gastric mucosa, causing bleeding and ulcers. What would be the effect on stools?

A

Become black and tar-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Compare lack of physical energy and lack of psychological motivation.

A

Lack of physical energy: want to do things but can’t
Lack of psychological motivation: can do things but don’t
Note: often interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define anemia.

A

Lack of RBC or hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Older age of onset, obesity, and lack of exercise are indicative of which type of diabetes?

A

Type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A patient can’t make enough hemoglobin. List 3 nutritional deficiencies that could cause this.

A
  1. Lack of iron
  2. Lack of vitamin B9
  3. Lack of vitamin B12
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List 3 risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea.

A
  1. Male
  2. Obese
  3. 40+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How may patients reduce orthopnea?

A

Sleeping propped up or sitting on a chair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Orthopnea (breathlessness when lying down) is a symptom of late stage heart failure. Describe its mechanism.

A

Lying flat ->
Blood rushing into the torso ->
Accumulation of fluid in the lungs ->
Breathlessness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define menorrhagia.

A

Abnormally high menstrual bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the result of untreated type 1 diabetes?

A

Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What blood test would determine if a patient is anemic?

A

Full blood count (FBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type 2 diabetes is mostly due to insulin ___.

A

Resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe how diseased lungs in COPD may increase blood pressure.

A

Diseased lungs ->
Less oxygen in the blood ->
Heart pumps faster to compensate->
High blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why would a patient with sleep apnea exhibit a snore-silence-snore cycle?

A

The pharynx repeatedly collapses, blocking the airway each time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which investigation method would you use to monitor COPD?

A

Spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List 2 drugs that protect against GI bleeding by neutralizing stomach acid.

A
  1. Antacids

2. PPIs (proton pump inhibitors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

List 3 mechanisms by which COPD obstructs the airways.

A
  1. Swelling of airways
  2. Accumulation of mucus
  3. Destruction of lung parenchyma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Explain how high glucose levels in urine lead to dehydration and thirst.
Glucose drains cells of water via osmosis -> Excessive urine production -> Dehydration and thirst
26
List 2 reasons why foot ulceration occurs in diabetic patients.
1. NEUROPATHY causes numbness to injury | 2. BLOOD VESSEL DAMAGE prevents healing from injury
27
List 3 mechanisms that can damage lung alveoli.
1. Edema 2. Fibrosis 3. Infection
28
What is the most common pulmonary function test?
Spirometry
29
How would upper GI bleeding cause tiredness?
``` Blood loss -> Anemia -> Reduced oxygen levels in the body -> Slowed metabolism -> Tiredness ```
30
Why would iron deficiency cause anemia?
Iron is an integral component of hemoglobin
31
In COPD and asthma, which structure becomes swollen and filled with mucus?
Airways
32
List 2 long-term eye complications of type 2 diabetes.
1. Retinopathy | 2. Cataracts
33
At what stage of life do most cases of type 1 diabetes present?
Early
34
What is parenchyma?
FUNCTIONAL tissue (as opposed to connective or supporting tissue)
35
List 3 conditions that slow cell metabolism via chemical disruption.
1. Renal failure 2. Malignancy 3. Post viral fatigue
36
What is the effect of hypothyroidism on metabolic rate?
Lowers it
37
How does diabetes cause tiredness?
Blood glucose (source of fuel) cannot enter the cell due to insulin deficiency or resistance
38
What is the most common cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Heart disease (75%)
39
By what mechanism does type 1 diabetes deplete insulin levels?
Causes auto-immune destruction of beta cells, which produce insulin
40
List 3 physical signs you would monitor in a type 2 diabetes patient.
1. Weight (for increase) 2. Eyes (for retinopathy or cataracts) 3. Feet (for neuropathy)
41
Which 2 mental illnesses are common causes of tiredness in primary care?
1. Depression | 2. Anxiety
42
Air goes enters and exits the lungs through capillaries covering which structure?
Alveoli
43
List 3 cellular disturbances that might cause a patient to present with lack of physical energy.
1. Lack of FUEL 2. Lack of OXYGEN 3. Disrupted METABOLISM
44
Define melena.
Black, tar-like stool associated with upper GI bleeding
45
How would heart failure lead to pulmonary edema?
Heart would be unable to pump effectively, causing a backlog of fluid in the lungs
46
What is the term used to describe breathlessness in a patient when lying flat?
Orthopnea
47
What is the term used to describe fluid accumulating in the lungs?
Pulmonary edema
48
A patient is losing hemoglobin faster than they can make it. List 2 possible mechanisms.
1. Blood loss | 2. Hemolysis
49
What is the preferred fuel for cells?
Glucose
50
Which part of hemoglobin is attached to a ferrous ion?
Heme molecule
51
What is a long-term foot complication of type 2 diabetes?
Ulceration
52
A patient with a long history of smoking presents with chronic cough, shortness of breath, and recurrent infections. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis: a) COPD b) Asthma c) Obstructive sleep apnea d) Anemia
COPD
53
What is the effect of excess insulin on blood glucose levels?
Blood glucose lowered
54
How does heart failure lower the amount of oxygen in the tissues?
Decreased pumping activity -> | Blood not carrying enough oxygen to the tissues
55
What is the pharynx?
Passageway leading from the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx
56
Define hemorrhage.
Bleeding from a ruptured vessel
57
What is the underlying pathology of sleep apnea?
Recurrent collapse of the pharynx
58
List 3 symptoms of peripheral neuropathy.
1. Numbness 2. Tingling 3. Pain
59
Spirometry screens for lung function. Which 2 metrics does it test?
1. VOLUME of exhalation or inhalation | 2. SPEED of exhalation or inhalation
60
Which two clinical conditions are the most common causes of heart failure in the UK?
1. Coronary heart disease | 2. Hypertension
61
List 3 causes of COPD.
1. Smoking 2. Pollution 3. Occupation (involving exposure to biomass fuels)
62
Why would a patient with heart failure feel breathless?
Heart’s inability to pump blood causes a backlog of fluid in the lungs (i.e., pulmonary edema), leading to breathlessness
63
How might a full blood count (FBC) indicate anemia?
By showing reduced RBC or hemoglobin levels
64
CO is a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning organic fuels. List 3 situations that can lead to CO poisoning.
1. House fires 2. Faulty domestic appliances 3. Exhaust fumes (e.g., from vehicles)
65
List 5 ways to manage COPD.
1. Quit smoking 2. Reduced exposure to pollution 3. Physiotherapy 4. Inhalers 5. Steroids
66
List 2 reasons why patients with COPD develop a lot of sputum.
1. Increased number of GOBLET CELLS | 2. Enlargement of AIRWAY MUCOSA
67
Compare CO and O2's affinity for hemoglobin.
CO: higher O2: lower
68
List 4 long-term complications of diabetes.
1. Blood vessel damage 2. Nerve damage 3. Eye damage 4. Kidney damage
69
What is the impact of sickle cell disease on the lifespan of red blood cells?
Shorter lifespan due to weakness caused by repeated cycles of sickling and de-sickling
70
What is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy?
Type 2 diabetes
71
What is the normal lifespan of RBC?
120 days
72
List 4 factors of particular importance when taking a history for anemia.
1. Blood loss (e.g., GI conditions, menorrhagia) 2. Diet (i.e., iron, vitamin B9, vitamin B12) 3. PMH (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, stomach resection, bowel resection) 4. FH (e.g., hemolytic anemia)
73
What is the effect of insulin deficiency or resistance on blood glucose levels?
Raised blood glucose
74
What is the effect of insulin resistance on the amount of glucose entering the cell?
Decreased glucose entering the cell
75
Describe how diabetes leads to osmotic diuresis.
Glucose drains cells of water via osmosis -> | Excessive urine production
76
List 2 conditions that decrease the blood’s capacity to CARRY oxygen.
1. Anemia | 2. CO poisoning
77
How does CO poisoning lower blood oxygen?
Inhibits O2 from binding by binding with hemoglobin in its place
78
Define diuresis.
Excessive urine production
79
A patient was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. They are struggling to maintain their blood glucose. List 3 tests you should order.
1. HbA1c (monitors long-term glucose control) 2. Renal function test (checks for kidney failure) 3. Cholesterol (checks for CVD risk)
80
What is peripheral neuropathy?
Damage to the peripheral nerves, causing numbness, tingling, and pain
81
List 4 dietary recommendations you would make to a diabetic patient.
1. Reduce sugar intake 2. Reduce fat intake 3. Eat food with a LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX 4. Increase fibre intake
82
How does anemia lower blood oxygen?
Fewer RBC or hemoglobin molecules -> | Fewer binding sites for oxygen
83
What is a long-term kidney complication of type 2 diabetes?
Renal failure

Clinical Problem Solving (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions