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Biology 1 > 1.2: Macromolecules > Flashcards

1.2: Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major classes of biological macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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2
Q

Which 4 elements make up 96% of living matter?

A

Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Oxygen

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3
Q

What are the 8 types of proteins

A

Enzymatic; Defensive; Storage; Transport; Hormonal; Receptor; Contractile/motor; Structural

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4
Q

What is the backbone of a lipid?

A

Glycerol

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5
Q

What are the various chemical bonds called?

A

Covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, hydrophobic interaction and van der Waals attraction

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6
Q

What are the various ways in which a carbon framework can vary?

A

In length, in double bond position, in branching and in the presence of rings

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7
Q

In the hydrolysis reaction, is H2O broken up or created?

A

Broken up

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8
Q

In the hydrolysis reaction, is a polymer broken up or created?

A

Broken up

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9
Q

In the dehydration reaction, is H2O broken up or created

A

Created

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10
Q

In the dehydration reaction, is a polymer broken up or created?

A

Created

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11
Q

What happens during the hydrolysis and dehydration reactions?

A

Polymers are broken up into monomers or created from monomers

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts to the nucleic acid monomer?

A

Nitrogenous base; pentose (5 carbon sugar); phosphate group

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13
Q

Name the 4 expressions of proteins structures

A
  1. primary, 2. secondary, 3. tertiary and 4. quaternary
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14
Q

Which one of the 4 macromolecules is not a polymer?

A

Lipids

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15
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

20

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16
Q

The ‘essential amino acids’ are essential to the human diet because…?

A

They cannot be produced by any of the chemical reactions that occur in human cells

17
Q

The building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called?

A

Nucleotides

18
Q

All lipids have in common that…?

A

They are hydrophobic

19
Q

Oils are liquid at room temperature because…?

A

They are unsaturated

20
Q

Animal fats are solid at room temperature because…?

A

They are saturated

21
Q

Explain the terms ‘saturated’ in relation to lipids

A

Saturated contains only single bonds, all carbon atoms have been ‘saturated’ with hydrogen atoms.

22
Q

Explain the term ‘unsaturated’ in relation to lipids

A

Unsaturated contains one or more double bonds, NOT all carbon atoms have been ‘saturated’ with hydrogen atoms

23
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A type of lipid found in the structure of animal cell membranes

24
Q

What happens in the process of ‘hydrogenation’?

A

Unsaturated fats are turned into saturated fats by artificially adding hydrogen.

25
Q

Do all fatty acids attached to a glycerol have to be the same?

A

No, they can be a combination of saturated and unsaturated fats, of varying length, and levels of saturation.

26
Q

A protein is a coiled up string of …?

A

Polypeptide

27
Q

A polypeptide is a string of …?

A

Amino acids

28
Q

Why are proteins important to the living organisms?

A

They are involved in all processes, allowing organisms to function and reproduce

29
Q

What is the purpose of RNA?

A

To convey genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosomes to make proteins

30
Q

Name an example of a monosaccharide?

A

Glucose (alternatively: ribose and fructose)

31
Q

Name an example of a disaccharide?

A

Maltose (alternatively: sucrose and lactose)

32
Q

Name an example of a polysaccharide?

A

Starch (amylose), glycogen, cellulose, chitin

33
Q

What is the name of the polysaccheride that provides strength to cell walls in plants?

A

Cellulose

34
Q

What is the name of the polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods?

A

Chitin

35
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
36
Q

How are monomers linked together into polymers?

A

By use of glycosidic linkages

Biology 1 (22 decks)

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